在程序运行过程中,I/O操作无疑是比较费时的动作,而ACM竞赛对运行时间又有十分严格的限制,所以除了想尽办法优化算法外,在输入输出上下点功夫也是必要的,特别是当输入量比较大时,快速的I/O操作便可以省下不少时间。
可能有些题目也做了提示,某些情况下推荐使用scanf而不是cin,但其实相对于它们,getchar、putchar一类的函数才是最好的选择,因为它们更快。下面给出快速输入输出的实现:
1、快速输入
#define REP(i,a,b) for(i=a;i<b;i++)
#define rep(i,n) REP(i,0,n)
#define mygc(c) (c)=getchar()
#define mypc(c) putchar(c)
#define ll long long
#define ull unsigned ll
void reader(int *x){int k,m=0;*x=0;for(;;){mygc(k);if(k=='-'){m=1;break;}if('0'<=k&&k<='9'){*x=k-'0';break;}}for(;;){mygc(k);if(k<'0'||k>'9')break;*x=(*x)*10+k-'0';}if(m)(*x)=-(*x);}
void reader(ll *x){int k,m=0;*x=0;for(;;){mygc(k);if(k=='-'){m=1;break;}if('0'<=k&&k<='9'){*x=k-'0';break;}}for(;;){mygc(k);if(k<'0'||k>'9')break;*x=(*x)*10+k-'0';}if(m)(*x)=-(*x);}
void reader(double *x){scanf("%lf",x);}
int reader(char c[]){int i,s=0;for(;;){mygc(i);if(i!=' '&&i!='\n'&&i!='\r'&&i!='\t'&&i!=EOF) break;}c[s++]=i;for(;;){mygc(i);if(i==' '||i=='\n'||i=='\r'||i=='\t'||i==EOF) break;c[s++]=i;}c[s]='\0';return s;}
template <class T, class S> void reader(T *x, S *y){reader(x);reader(y);}
template <class T, class S, class U> void reader(T *x, S *y, U *z){reader(x);reader(y);reader(z);}
template <class T, class S, class U, class V> void reader(T *x, S *y, U *z, V *w){reader(x);reader(y);reader(z);reader(w);}
2、快速输出
// 快速输出
void writer(int x){
if(x < 10) putchar('0' + x); else writer(x / 10), writer(x % 10);
}
void writer(int x, char c){int s=0,m=0;char f[10];if(x<0)m=1,x=-x;while(x)f[s++]=x%10,x/=10;if(!s)f[s++]=0;if(m)mypc('-');while(s--)mypc(f[s]+'0');mypc(c);}
void writer(ll x, char c){int s=0,m=0;char f[20];if(x<0)m=1,x=-x;while(x)f[s++]=x%10,x/=10;if(!s)f[s++]=0;if(m)mypc('-');while(s--)mypc(f[s]+'0');mypc(c);}
void writer(double x, char c){printf("%.15f",x);mypc(c);}
void writer(const char c[]){int i;for(i=0;c[i]!='\0';i++)mypc(c[i]);}
void writer(const char x[], char c){int i;for(i=0;x[i]!='\0';i++)mypc(x[i]);mypc(c);}
template<class T> void writerLn(T x){writer(x,'\n');}
template<class T, class S> void writerLn(T x, S y){writer(x,' ');writer(y,'\n');}
template<class T, class S, class U> void writerLn(T x, S y, U z){writer(x,' ');writer(y,' ');writer(z,'\n');}
template<class T> void writerArr(T x[], int n){int i;if(!n){mypc('\n');return;}rep(i,n-1)writer(x[i],' ');writer(x[n-1],'\n');}