指针操作是C++开发中必备技能。尽管C++11开始引入了智能指针以缓解普通指针的滥用,但是某些场合必须使用普通指针。释放指针在C/C++编程中非常重要,一般推荐释放指针后立即将指针设置为null,防止出现低级的野指针问题(只能避免低级别的野指针)同时方便调试。
一、C语言时代
在C语言编程中,我们由于没有C++模板,函数重载功能,所以一般定义一个统一的宏来用于释放指针。
// 删除指针
#define SAFE_DELETE(p) { \
if (NULL != (p)) { \
free((p)); \
(p) = NULL;\
}\
}
C++相对C语言的改进就是引入了面向对象操作,支持函数重载、类继承、模板、异常处理等等概念。在C++中,一般用函数模板来操作释放指针,这样的好处是可以进行类型检查。
view plai
// 删除数组
template <typename T>
inline void safe_delete(T *&target) {
if (nullptr != target) {
delete target;
target = nullptr;
}
}
// 删除数组指针
template <typename T>
inline void safe_delete_arr(T *&target) {
if (nullptr != target) {
delete[] target;
target = nullptr;
}
}
三、void *指针问题
在C、C++ 中,void * 指针可以转换为任意类型的指针类型,在删除void*指针时编译器往往会发出如下警告
warning: deleting 'void*' is undefined [enabled by default]
翻译:警告:删除“void *”指针可能引发未知情况(默认打开警告)
永远记住,在C、C++开发中绝对不能忽视警告,一定要重视警告,最好消除警告。有些警告无关紧要,有些警告却是bug的根源;删除void *指针的警告就属于后面一种情况,可能引起严重的bug而且难以发现:
warning: deleting 'void*' is undefined [enabled by default]
翻译:警告:删除“void *”指针可能引发未知情况(默认打开警告)
永远记住,在C、C++开发中绝对不能忽视警告,一定要重视警告,最好消除警告。有些警告无关紧要,有些警告却是bug的根源;删除void *指针的警告就属于后面一种情况,可能引起严重的bug而且难以发现:
1. 使用delete pointer; 释放void指针void *,系统会以释放普通指针(char, short, int, long, long long)的方式来释放void *指向的内存空间;
2. 如果void *指向一个数组指针,那么由于释放指针时用了delete pointer从而导致内存泄漏,释放指针正确做法是delete[] pointer;
3. 如果void *指向一个class类,那么系统由于认为void *指向一个普通的内存空间,所以释放指针时系统class的析构函数不会调用;
释放void *的解决方案:将void *转换为原来类型的指针,然后再调用delete释放指针,如果原来的指针是数组指针,那么必须使用delete []删除指向的内存空间。
在C++中我们可以使用模板定义内联函数:
2. 如果void *指向一个数组指针,那么由于释放指针时用了delete pointer从而导致内存泄漏,释放指针正确做法是delete[] pointer;
3. 如果void *指向一个class类,那么系统由于认为void *指向一个普通的内存空间,所以释放指针时系统class的析构函数不会调用;
释放void *的解决方案:将void *转换为原来类型的指针,然后再调用delete释放指针,如果原来的指针是数组指针,那么必须使用delete []删除指向的内存空间。
在C++中我们可以使用模板定义内联函数:
template <typename T>
inline void safe_delete_void_ptr(void *&target) {
if (nullptr != target) {
T* temp = static_cast<T*>(target);
delete temp;
temp = nullptr;
target = nullptr;
}
}
int *psample = new int(100);
safe_delete_void_ptr<int>(psample);
利用模板实例化参数统一简化过程。
测试代码
safe_delete_demo.cpp
测试代码
safe_delete_demo.cpp
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
inline void safe_delete(T *&target) {
if (nullptr != target) {
delete target;
target = nullptr;
}
}
template <typename T>
inline void safe_delete_void_ptr(void *&target) {
if (nullptr != target) {
T* temp = static_cast<T*>(target);
delete temp;
temp = nullptr;
target = nullptr;
}
}
class A {
public:
A(std::string name) {
this->name = name;
};
virtual ~A() {
std::cout<<"base class A's destructor"<<", name: "<<this->name<<std::endl;
};
public:
std::string name;
};
class AChild: public A {
public:
AChild(std::string name, std::string school)
: A(name){
this->school = school;
};
~AChild() {
std::cout<<"child class AChild's destructor"<<", name: "<<this->name
<<", school: "<<this->school<<std::endl;
};
public:
std::string school;
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
// 测试safe_delete释放普通类指针
std::cout<<"safe_delete pointer of type AChild"<<std::endl;
AChild *a1 = new AChild("jacky", "Shenzhen University");
safe_delete(a1);
std::cout<<std::endl;
// 测试safe_delete释放void*指针
std::cout<<"safe_delete pointer of type void *"<<std::endl;
void *vp = new AChild("Polyn", "Southern University of Science and Technology");
safe_delete(vp);
std::cout<<std::endl;
// 测试safe_delete_void_ptr释放模板实例化为基类的void*指针
std::cout<<"safe_delete_void_ptr pointer of type void * ==> A *"<<std::endl;
void *vpA = new AChild("Heral", "Renmin University of China");
safe_delete_void_ptr<A>(vpA);
std::cout<<std::endl;
// 测试safe_delete_void_ptr释放模板实例化为子类的void*指针
std::cout<<"safe_delete_void_ptr pointer of type void * ==> AChild *"<<std::endl;
void *vpAChild = new AChild("pevly", "Southeast University");
safe_delete_void_ptr<AChild>(vpAChild);
return 0;
}
编译及运行
$ g++ -std=c++11 safe_delete_demo.cpp
safe_delete_demo.cpp: In instantiation of 'void safe_delete(T*&) [with T = void]':
safe_delete_demo.cpp:59:16: required from here
safe_delete_demo.cpp:9:9: warning: deleting 'void*' is undefined [enabled by default]
delete target;
$ ./a.out
safe_delete pointer of type AChild
child class AChild's destructor, name: jacky, school: Shenzhen University
base class A's destructor, name: jacky
safe_delete pointer of type void *
safe_delete_void_ptr pointer of type void * ==> A *
child class AChild's destructor, name: Heral, school: Renmin University of China
base class A's destructor, name: Heral
safe_delete_void_ptr pointer of type void * ==> AChild *
child class AChild's destructor, name: pevly, school: Southeast University
base class A's destructor, name: pevly
safe_delete_demo.cpp: In instantiation of 'void safe_delete(T*&) [with T = void]':
safe_delete_demo.cpp:59:16: required from here
safe_delete_demo.cpp:9:9: warning: deleting 'void*' is undefined [enabled by default]
delete target;
$ ./a.out
safe_delete pointer of type AChild
child class AChild's destructor, name: jacky, school: Shenzhen University
base class A's destructor, name: jacky
safe_delete pointer of type void *
safe_delete_void_ptr pointer of type void * ==> A *
child class AChild's destructor, name: Heral, school: Renmin University of China
base class A's destructor, name: Heral
safe_delete_void_ptr pointer of type void * ==> AChild *
child class AChild's destructor, name: pevly, school: Southeast University
base class A's destructor, name: pevly
通过测试用例我们可以看出。
1. 使用safe_delete释放明确的类会自动触发析构函数(如果析构函数为虚函数,那么先调用子类的析构函数再调用子类的直接基类的析构函数);
2. 使用safe_delete释放void*指针指向的类时,不会触发对应类的析构函数;
2. 使用safe_delete释放void*指针指向的类时,不会触发对应类的析构函数;
3. 如果使用safe_delete_void_ptr内联函数释放void*指针,那么由于在释放指针前,函数会将void*指针转换为特定类型的函数指针,所以最终能够触发调用析构函数,并且不影响虚类的释放行为。
本文转自:
http://blog.csdn.net/sweettool/article/details/77688337