Matplotlib绘图基本介绍

 

Matplotlib画布

In [1]:

 

# 引入包

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

In [5]:

 

# 创建画布

plt.figure()

​

# 生成数据

data = [2, 4, 6, 7, 11]

​

# 可视化结果

​

plt.plot(data)  # plot是绘制折线的

plt.show()

设置画布大小

In [4]:

 

# 创建画布

plt.figure(figsize=(20,5))

​

#生成数据

random_data = np.random.randn(100)

​

plt.plot(random_data)

Out[4]:

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x219a7eb2b80>]

注意：代码块要放在一个cell中

In [6]:

 

# 创建画布

​

plt.figure(figsize=(20,5))

Out[6]:

<Figure size 1440x360 with 0 Axes>

<Figure size 1440x360 with 0 Axes>

In [7]:

 

#生成数据

random_data = np.random.randn(100)

​

plt.plot(random_data)

Out[7]:

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x219a7f73a00>]

 

散点图

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

第七课 数据可视化

第五节 Matplotlib画布

In [1]:

 

# 引入包

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

In [5]:

 

# 创建画布

plt.figure()

​

# 生成数据

data = [2, 4, 6, 7, 11]

​

# 可视化结果

​

plt.plot(data)  # plot是绘制折线的

plt.show()

设置画布大小

In [4]:

 

# 创建画布

plt.figure(figsize=(20,5))

​

#生成数据

random_data = np.random.randn(100)

​

plt.plot(random_data)

Out[4]:

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x219a7eb2b80>]

注意：代码块要放在一个cell中

In [6]:

 

# 创建画布

​

plt.figure(figsize=(20,5))

Out[6]:

<Figure size 1440x360 with 0 Axes>

<Figure size 1440x360 with 0 Axes>

In [7]:

 

#生成数据

random_data = np.random.randn(100)

​

plt.plot(random_data)

Out[7]:

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x219a7f73a00>]

散点图和柱状图的绘制

In [8]:

 

# 引入包

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

散点图

In [9]:

 

plt.figure()

​

# 生成一组数据

x = np.random.randn(50)

y = x * 2

​

# 可视化结果

plt.scatter(x, y)

plt.show()

In [14]:

 

plt.figure()

​

# 生成两组数据

​

x = np.random.randn(50)

y1 = x ** 2

y2 = x * 2

​

# 可视化结果

plt.scatter(x, y1)

plt.scatter(x, y2)

plt.show()

In [15]:

 

# 使用参数

plt.figure()

​

plt.scatter(x, y1, s=100, c='r', marker='X')

plt.scatter(x, y2, s=20, c='g',marker='s')

plt.show()

柱状图

In [16]:

 

# 单组数据

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

data = [5,2,7,8,2]

plt.bar(x,data)

plt.show()

In [18]:

 

# 多组数据

x1 = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

data1 = [5, 2, 7, 8, 2]

plt.bar(x1, data, color='r')

​

x2 = np.array(x1) + 1 # 需要设置不同的横坐标，避免重叠

data2 = [8, 6, 2, 5, 6]

plt.bar(x2, data2, color='g')

​

plt.show()

直方图的绘制

In [19]:

 

# 引入包

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [20]:

 

# 准备数据

population_ages = [22, 55, 62, 45, 21, 22, 34, 42, 42, 4, 89, 82, 80, 80, 75, 65, 54, 44, 43, 42, 48]

In [21]:

 

# 指定分组个数

bins = 5

​

plt.hist(population_ages, bins)

plt.show()

In [22]:

 

# 指定分组边界

bins = [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]

plt.hist(population_ages,bins,histtype='bar',rwidth=0.8)

plt.show()

矩阵绘图

In [24]:

 

# 引入包

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [25]:

 

# 准备数据

m = np.random.rand(10,12)

In [29]:

 

m

Out[29]:

array([[4.82497939e-01, 6.58595606e-01, 5.29636788e-01, 7.59201397e-01,
        1.33073167e-01, 9.93762828e-01, 6.66063777e-01, 4.92600577e-01,
        9.81715790e-01, 2.49355664e-01, 3.49586402e-01, 3.06316251e-01],
       [9.53481907e-01, 4.67694588e-01, 2.87130633e-01, 4.67775924e-01,
        5.58346921e-02, 6.10602106e-01, 9.63198001e-01, 8.11622840e-01,
        7.84802447e-01, 4.36730675e-01, 6.33357315e-01, 3.97960708e-02],
       [3.21576871e-01, 4.80229812e-01, 2.32467994e-02, 9.85824004e-01,
        9.49431266e-01, 3.42500033e-01, 9.50137427e-01, 2.08583444e-01,
        7.95918837e-01, 6.90879817e-01, 1.99394711e-01, 3.99497023e-01],
       [8.46680982e-01, 6.17400861e-01, 1.94009819e-01, 9.70356857e-01,
        6.42827033e-01, 2.07527912e-01, 9.96606362e-01, 5.00168970e-01,
        9.44282686e-01, 4.32875891e-01, 3.24981958e-01, 7.94810313e-01],
       [1.68429458e-01, 6.36668059e-01, 9.59119653e-01, 2.87063147e-02,
        1.82063308e-01, 7.02967761e-02, 6.01004149e-01, 6.02693093e-01,
        6.10768913e-04, 6.10493956e-01, 5.28847344e-01, 4.68372652e-01],
       [8.64604664e-01, 4.51500769e-01, 3.20204688e-01, 1.97945445e-01,
        9.23318656e-02, 4.34661316e-01, 1.48312024e-01, 1.25832658e-01,
        5.97147486e-01, 9.03495213e-01, 2.65067117e-01, 8.19019632e-02],
       [1.67965053e-01, 6.73622188e-01, 2.40925083e-01, 2.41758949e-01,
        3.07732600e-02, 6.77955313e-01, 1.76961761e-01, 3.38677666e-01,
        4.59505637e-01, 1.77622397e-01, 7.72796138e-01, 5.63426444e-01],
       [6.17223267e-01, 2.32799465e-02, 7.06598959e-01, 6.87743941e-01,
        4.31546623e-02, 4.43991413e-01, 1.62990101e-01, 8.31071662e-02,
        2.03937859e-01, 4.77063262e-01, 9.20136477e-01, 5.34024388e-01],
       [4.17235917e-01, 9.43970181e-01, 6.17588978e-01, 3.55142862e-01,
        1.58740304e-01, 1.95284602e-01, 3.26333383e-01, 5.95722378e-01,
        2.81643611e-01, 1.84627341e-01, 8.77314869e-01, 6.57509041e-01],
       [5.48874259e-01, 3.11349560e-01, 4.47210389e-02, 2.40539336e-01,
        3.27060399e-01, 2.68838703e-02, 6.78411900e-01, 7.54066431e-01,
        4.97500736e-01, 1.50960929e-02, 3.26890534e-01, 7.94260960e-01]])

In [26]:

 

plt.imshow(m)

plt.colorbar()

plt.show()

In [27]:

 

# 使用颜色主题

plt.imshow(m,cmap=plt.cm.gnuplot)

plt.colorbar()

plt.show()

In [28]:

 

# 使用颜色主题

plt.imshow(m,cmap=plt.cm.ocean)

plt.colorbar()

plt.show()

子图的使用

In [30]:

 

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

In [31]:

 

fig, subplot_arr = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(8, 8))

subplot_arr[0, 0].scatter(np.random.randn(50),np.random.randn(50) * 2)

subplot_arr[0, 1].bar([1, 2, 3, 4, 5],[5, 2, 7, 8, 2])

subplot_arr[1, 0].hist(np.random.randn(50),bins=10, rwidth=0.8)

subplot_arr[1, 1].imshow(np.random.rand(5, 5))

​

plt.show()

In [33]:

 

# 共享x轴

fig,subplot_arr = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize =(8, 8),sharex=True)

​

subplot_arr[0, 0].scatter(np.random.randn(50),np.random.randn(50) * 2)

subplot_arr[0, 1].bar([1, 2, 3, 4, 5],[5, 2, 7, 8, 2])

subplot_arr[1, 0].hist(np.random.randn(50),bins=10, rwidth=0.8)

subplot_arr[1, 1].imshow(np.random.rand(5, 5))

​

plt.show()

In [34]:

 

# 共享y轴

fig,subplot_arr = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize =(8, 8),sharey=True)

​

subplot_arr[0, 0].scatter(np.random.randn(50),np.random.randn(50) * 2)

subplot_arr[0, 1].bar([1, 2, 3, 4, 5],[5, 2, 7, 8, 2])

subplot_arr[1, 0].hist(np.random.randn(50),bins=10, rwidth=0.8)

subplot_arr[1, 1].imshow(np.random.rand(5, 5))

​

plt.show()

Matplotlib 颜色、标记、线型

In [35]:

 

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

In [38]:

 

fig, subplot_arr = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(8, 8))

​

data = np.random.randn(20)

​

subplot_arr[0, 0].plot(data, 'r.--')

subplot_arr[0, 1].plot(data, 'gv:')

subplot_arr[1, 0].plot(data, 'b<-')

subplot_arr[1, 1].plot(data, 'ys-.')

​

plt.show()

Matplotlib 坐标刻度、标签、图例、标题

In [39]:

 

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

In [40]:

 

# 生成数据

data1 = np.random.randn(1000).cumsum()

data2 = np.random.randn(1000).cumsum()

data3 = np.random.randn(1000).cumsum()

基本显示

In [41]:

 

plt.figure()

plt.plot(data1)

plt.plot(data2)

plt.plot(data3)

​

plt.show()

使用plt 配置

In [42]:

 

plt.figure()

​

#设置刻度范围

plt.xlim([0,500])

​

# 设置显示的刻度

plt.xticks([0, 100, 200],['x1','x2','x3'])

​

#设置坐标轴标签

plt.xlabel('Number')

plt.ylabel('Random')

​

# 设置标题

plt.title('Example')

​

#图解

plt.plot(data1)

plt.plot(data2, label='line2')

plt.plot(data3, label='line3')

​

plt.legend(loc='best')

plt.show()

使用ax显示

In [47]:

 

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1)

ax.plot(data1, label='line1')

ax.plot(data2, label='line2')

ax.plot(data3, label='line3')

​

# 设置刻度

ax.set_xlim([0, 800])

​

# 设置显示的刻度

ax.set_xticks([0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500])

​

# 设置刻度标签

ax.set_xticklabels(['x1', 'x2', 'x3', 'x4', 'x5'])

​

# 设置坐标轴标签

ax.set_xlabel('Number')

ax.set_ylabel('Random')

​

# 设置标题

ax.set_title('Example2')

​

#图例

ax.legend(loc='best')

plt.show()

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-47-4de5fca93d38> in <module>
     11 
     12 # 设置刻度标签
---> 13 ax.set_xticklabels(['x1', 'x2', 'x3', 'x4', 'x5'])
     14 
     15 # 设置坐标轴标签

C:\software\ANACONDA\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\axes\_base.py in wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs)
     61 
     62         def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
---> 63             return get_method(self)(*args, **kwargs)
     64 
     65         wrapper.__module__ = owner.__module__

C:\software\ANACONDA\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\cbook\deprecation.py in wrapper(*args, **kwargs)
    449                 "parameter will become keyword-only %(removal)s.",
    450                 name=name, obj_type=f"parameter of {func.__name__}()")
--> 451         return func(*args, **kwargs)
    452 
    453     return wrapper

C:\software\ANACONDA\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\axis.py in _set_ticklabels(self, labels, fontdict, minor, **kwargs)
   1791         if fontdict is not None:
   1792             kwargs.update(fontdict)
-> 1793         return self.set_ticklabels(labels, minor=minor, **kwargs)
   1794 
   1795     @cbook._make_keyword_only("3.2", "minor")

C:\software\ANACONDA\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\axis.py in set_ticklabels(self, ticklabels, minor, **kwargs)
   1712             # remove all tick labels, so only error for > 0 ticklabels
   1713             if len(locator.locs) != len(ticklabels) and len(ticklabels) != 0:
-> 1714                 raise ValueError(
   1715                     "The number of FixedLocator locations"
   1716                     f" ({len(locator.locs)}), usually from a call to"

ValueError: The number of FixedLocator locations (6), usually from a call to set_ticks, does not match the number of ticklabels (5).