SQL Summary(学习笔记)

 

SQL Roots

• Developed @IBM Research in the 1970s
• Commercialized /Popularized in the 1980s

 

 Relational Terminology

• Database: Set of named Relations
• Relation(Table):

1. Schema: description("metadata")
2. Instance: set of data satisfying the schema

• Attribute(Column, Field)
• Tuple(Record, Row)
• Schema is fixed

1. unique attribute names,atomatic types
2. folks

• Instance can change often

SQL Language

1. Two sublanguage:

• DDL - Data Definition Language (Define and modify schema)
• DML - Data Manipulation Language (Queries can be written intuitively)

1. RDBMS responsible for efficient evaluation.

• Choose and run algorithmns for declarative queries(Choice of algorithm must not affect query answer)

 Basic Single -Table Queries: