Table Inheritance, Table Partitioning and Copy Table in PostgreSQL

最新推荐文章于 2024-06-27 09:46:37 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-06-27 09:46:37 发布
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分类专栏： Postgres 文章标签： postgresql 数据库
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Module Objectives

  • Table Inheritance
  • Table Partitioning
  • Copy Table

 

C:\Users\Maxwell Pan>psql -U postgres
psql: error: connection to server at "localhost" (::1), port 5432 failed: Connection refused (0x0000274D/10061)
        Is the server running on that host and accepting TCP/IP connections?
connection to server at "localhost" (127.0.0.1), port 5432 failed: Connection refused (0x0000274D/10061)
        Is the server running on that host and accepting TCP/IP connections?

C:\Users\Maxwell Pan>pg_ctl status
pg_ctl: no server running

C:\Users\Maxwell Pan>pg_ctl start
pg_ctl: another server might be running; trying to start server anyway
waiting for server to start....2023-04-27 08:06:32.820 CST [24924] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
2023-04-27 08:06:32.820 CST [24924] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
. done
server started

C:\Users\Maxwell Pan>psql -U postgres
Password for user postgres:
psql (15.2)
WARNING: Console code page (437) differs from Windows code page (1252)
         8-bit characters might not work correctly. See psql reference
         page "Notes for Windows users" for details.
Type "help" for help.

postgres=#
postgres=# \l
                                                                List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding |          Collate           |           Ctype            | ICU Locale | Locale Provider |   Access privileges
-----------+----------+----------+----------------------------+----------------------------+------------+-----------------+-----------------------
 nano      | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | English_United States.1252 |            | libc            | =Tc/postgres         +
           |          |          |                            |                            |            |                 | postgres=CTc/postgres+
           |          |          |                            |                            |            |                 | ron=c/postgres
 postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | English_United States.1252 |            | libc            |
 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | English_United States.1252 |            | libc            | =c/postgres          +
           |          |          |                            |                            |            |                 | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | English_United States.1252 |            | libc            | =c/postgres          +
           |          |          |                            |                            |            |                 | postgres=CTc/postgres
(4 rows)


postgres=# \c nano
You are now connected to database "nano" as user "postgres".
nano=#
nano=# create table orders(orderno serial,flightname varchar(100),boarding varchar(100),status varchar(100), source varchar(100));
CREATE TABLE
nano=# \d orders
                                        Table "public.orders"
   Column   |          Type          | Collation | Nullable |                 Default
------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------------------------------
 orderno    | integer                |           | not null | nextval('orders_orderno_seq'::regclass)
 flightname | character varying(100) |           |          |
 boarding   | character varying(100) |           |          |
 status     | character varying(100) |           |          |
 source     | character varying(100) |           |          |


nano=# create table online_booking(price int) inherits (orders);
CREATE TABLE
nano=# \d online_booking
                                    Table "public.online_booking"
   Column   |          Type          | Collation | Nullable |                 Default
------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------------------------------
 orderno    | integer                |           | not null | nextval('orders_orderno_seq'::regclass)
 flightname | character varying(100) |           |          |
 boarding   | character varying(100) |           |          |
 status     | character varying(100) |           |          |
 source     | character varying(100) |           |          |
 price      | integer                |           |          |
Inherits: orders


nano=# \d+ orders
                                                                   Table "public.orders"
   Column   |          Type          | Collation | Nullable |                 Default                 | Storage  | Compression | Stats target | Description
------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------------------------------+----------+-------------+--------------+-------------
 orderno    | integer                |           | not null | nextval('orders_orderno_seq'::regclass) | plain    |             |              |
 flightname | character varying(100) |           |          |                                         | extended |             |              |
 boarding   | character varying(100) |           |          |                                         | extended |             |              |
 status     | character varying(100) |           |          |                                         | extended |             |              |
 source     | character varying(100) |           |          |                                         | extended |             |              |
Child tables: online_booking
Access method: heap


nano=# create table agent_booking(commision int) inherits (orders);
CREATE TABLE
nano=# \d agent_booking
                                     Table "public.agent_booking"
   Column   |          Type          | Collation | Nullable |                 Default
------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------------------------------
 orderno    | integer                |           | not null | nextval('orders_orderno_seq'::regclass)
 flightname | character varying(100) |           |          |
 boarding   | character varying(100) |           |          |
 status     | character varying(100) |           |          |
 source     | character varying(100) |           |          |
 commision  | integer                |           |          |
Inherits: orders


nano=# \d+ orders
                                                                   Table "public.orders"
   Column   |          Type          | Collation | Nullable |                 Default                 | Storage  | Compression | Stats target | Description
------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------------------------------+----------+-------------+--------------+-------------
 orderno    | integer                |           | not null | nextval('orders_orderno_seq'::regclass) | plain    |             |              |
 flightname | character varying(100) |           |          |                                         | extended |             |              |
 boarding   | character varying(100) |           |          |                                         | extended |             |              |
 status     | character varying(100) |           |          |                                         | extended |             |              |
 source     | character varying(100) |           |          |                                         | extended |             |              |
Child tables: agent_booking,
              online_booking
Access method: heap


nano=# insert into orders(flightname,boarding,status,source) values('aricanada','yyz','ontime','employee');
INSERT 0 1
nano=# select * from orders;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status |  source
---------+------------+----------+--------+----------
       1 | aricanada  | yyz      | ontime | employee
(1 row)


nano=# insert into online_booking(flightname,boarding,status,source,price) values('nippon','hdj','ontime','website',3000);
INSERT 0 1
nano=# insert into online_booking(flightname,boarding,status,source,price) values('lufthansa','hdk','ontime','app',1000);
INSERT 0 1
nano=# select * from online_booking;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status | source  | price
---------+------------+----------+--------+---------+-------
       2 | nippon     | hdj      | ontime | website |  3000
       3 | lufthansa  | hdk      | ontime | app     |  1000
(2 rows)


nano=# insert into agent_booking(flightname,boarding,status,source,commision) values('ethihad','auh','ontime','agent001',300);
INSERT 0 1
nano=# insert into agent_booking(flightname,boarding,status,source,commision) values('emirates','dxb','ontime','agent007',200);
INSERT 0 1
nano=# select * from agent_booking;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status |  source  | commision
---------+------------+----------+--------+----------+-----------
       4 | ethihad    | auh      | ontime | agent001 |       300
       5 | emirates   | dxb      | ontime | agent007 |       200
(2 rows)


nano=# select * from orders;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status |  source
---------+------------+----------+--------+----------
       1 | aricanada  | yyz      | ontime | employee
       2 | nippon     | hdj      | ontime | website
       3 | lufthansa  | hdk      | ontime | app
       4 | ethihad    | auh      | ontime | agent001
       5 | emirates   | dxb      | ontime | agent007
(5 rows)


nano=# select * from only orders;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status |  source
---------+------------+----------+--------+----------
       1 | aricanada  | yyz      | ontime | employee
(1 row)


nano=# \set AUTOCOMMIT off
nano=# select * from orders;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status |  source
---------+------------+----------+--------+----------
       1 | aricanada  | yyz      | ontime | employee
       2 | nippon     | hdj      | ontime | website
       3 | lufthansa  | hdk      | ontime | app
       4 | ethihad    | auh      | ontime | agent001
       5 | emirates   | dxb      | ontime | agent007
(5 rows)


nano=*# update orders set status='Delayed';
UPDATE 5
nano=*# select * from orders;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status  |  source
---------+------------+----------+---------+----------
       1 | aricanada  | yyz      | Delayed | employee
       2 | nippon     | hdj      | Delayed | website
       3 | lufthansa  | hdk      | Delayed | app
       4 | ethihad    | auh      | Delayed | agent001
       5 | emirates   | dxb      | Delayed | agent007
(5 rows)


nano=*# rollback;
ROLLBACK
nano=# select * from orders;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status |  source
---------+------------+----------+--------+----------
       1 | aricanada  | yyz      | ontime | employee
       2 | nippon     | hdj      | ontime | website
       3 | lufthansa  | hdk      | ontime | app
       4 | ethihad    | auh      | ontime | agent001
       5 | emirates   | dxb      | ontime | agent007
(5 rows)


nano=*# update only orders set status='Delayed';
UPDATE 1
nano=*# select * from orders;
 orderno | flightname | boarding | status  |  source
---------+------------+----------+---------+----------
       1 | aricanada  | yyz      | Delayed | employee
       2 | nippon     | hdj      | ontime  | website
       3 | lufthansa  | hdk      | ontime  | app
       4 | ethihad    | auh      | ontime  | agent001
       5 | emirates   | dxb      | ontime  | agent007
(5 rows)


nano=*# drop table orders cascade;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 2 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to table online_booking
drop cascades to table agent_booking
DROP TABLE
nano=*# \dt
        List of relations
 Schema |  Name   | Type  | Owner
--------+---------+-------+-------
 public | tree    | table | sam
 public | vehicle | table | scott
(2 rows)


nano=*#

Partitioning

  • Table Partitioning means splitting a table into smaller pieces
  • Table Partitioning holds many performance benefits for tables that hold large amount of data.
  • PostgreSQL allows table partitioning via table inheritance
  • Each Partition is created as a child table of a single parent table.
  • PostgreSQL implements range and list partitioning methods

C:\Users\Maxwell Pan>
C:\Users\Maxwell Pan>
C:\Users\Maxwell Pan>psql -U postgres
Password for user postgres:
psql (15.2)
WARNING: Console code page (437) differs from Windows code page (1252)
         8-bit characters might not work correctly. See psql reference
         page "Notes for Windows users" for details.
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \c nano
You are now connected to database "nano" as user "postgres".
nano=#
nano=# create table booking(flightno varchar(100),flightname varchar(100), booking_date timestamp);
CREATE TABLE
nano=# \d bookings
Did not find any relation named "bookings".
nano=# create table bookings(flightno varchar(100),flightname varchar(100), booking_date timestamp);
CREATE TABLE
nano=# \d bookings
                           Table "public.bookings"
    Column    |            Type             | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 flightno     | character varying(100)      |           |          |
 flightname   | character varying(100)      |           |          |
 booking_date | timestamp without time zone |           |          |


nano=# create table jan_booking (check(booking_date >= '2020-01-01' and booking_date <= '2020-01-31')) inherits(bookings);
CREATE TABLE
nano=# create table jan_bookings (check(booking_date >= '2020-01-01' and booking_date <= '2020-01-31')) inherits(bookings);
CREATE TABLE
nano=# \d jan_bookings
                         Table "public.jan_bookings"
    Column    |            Type             | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 flightno     | character varying(100)      |           |          |
 flightname   | character varying(100)      |           |          |
 booking_date | timestamp without time zone |           |          |
Check constraints:
    "jan_bookings_booking_date_check" CHECK (booking_date >= '2020-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND booking_date <= '2020-01-31 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone)
Inherits: bookings


nano=# create table feb_bookings (check(booking_date >= '2020-02-01' and booking_date <= '2020-02-29')) inherits(bookings);
CREATE TABLE
nano=#
nano=# \d feb_bookings
                         Table "public.feb_bookings"
    Column    |            Type             | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 flightno     | character varying(100)      |           |          |
 flightname   | character varying(100)      |           |          |
 booking_date | timestamp without time zone |           |          |
Check constraints:
    "feb_bookings_booking_date_check" CHECK (booking_date >= '2020-02-01 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND booking_date <= '2020-02-29 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone)
Inherits: bookings


nano=#
nano=# create index jan_index on jan_bookings using btree(booking_date);
CREATE INDEX
nano=# create index feb_index on feb_bookings using btree(booking_date);
CREATE INDEX
nano=# \di
                  List of relations
 Schema |   Name    | Type  |  Owner   |    Table
--------+-----------+-------+----------+--------------
 public | feb_index | index | postgres | feb_bookings
 public | jan_index | index | postgres | jan_bookings
(2 rows)


nano=#
nano=# create or replace function on_insert() returns trigger as $$
nano$# begin
nano$#   if(new.booking_date >= date '2020-01-01' and new.booking_date <=date '2020-01-31') then
nano$#      insert into jan_booking values(new.*);
nano$#     elsif (new.booking_date >= date '2020-02-01' and new.booking_date <=date '2020-02-29') then
nano$#      insert into feb_booking values(new.*);
nano$#     else
nano$#      raise exception 'Enter valid booking date';
nano$#     end if;
nano$#
nano$#     return null;
nano$# end;
nano$# $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE FUNCTION
nano=#
nano=# \df
                         List of functions
 Schema |   Name    | Result data type | Argument data types | Type
--------+-----------+------------------+---------------------+------
 public | on_insert | trigger          |                     | func
(1 row)


nano=# create trigger booking_entry before insert on bookings for each row execute procedure on_insert();
CREATE TRIGGER
nano=#
nano=# \d bookings
                           Table "public.bookings"
    Column    |            Type             | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 flightno     | character varying(100)      |           |          |
 flightname   | character varying(100)      |           |          |
 booking_date | timestamp without time zone |           |          |
Triggers:
    booking_entry BEFORE INSERT ON bookings FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION on_insert()
Number of child tables: 3 (Use \d+ to list them.)


nano=# select * from bookings;
 flightno | flightname | booking_date
----------+------------+--------------
(0 rows)


nano=# insert into bookings values('dxb102','emirates','2020-01-10');
INSERT 0 0
nano=# insert into bookings values('dxb103','lufthansa','2020-02-23');
ERROR:  relation "feb_booking" does not exist
LINE 1: insert into feb_booking values(new.*)
                    ^
QUERY:  insert into feb_booking values(new.*)
CONTEXT:  PL/pgSQL function on_insert() line 6 at SQL statement
nano=# insert into bookings values('dxb104','british','2020-02-08');
ERROR:  relation "feb_booking" does not exist
LINE 1: insert into feb_booking values(new.*)
                    ^
QUERY:  insert into feb_booking values(new.*)
CONTEXT:  PL/pgSQL function on_insert() line 6 at SQL statement
nano=# insert into bookings values('dxb105','nipon','2020-01-19');
INSERT 0 0
nano=# insert into bookings values('dxb104','british','2020-02-08');
ERROR:  relation "feb_booking" does not exist
LINE 1: insert into feb_booking values(new.*)
                    ^
QUERY:  insert into feb_booking values(new.*)
CONTEXT:  PL/pgSQL function on_insert() line 6 at SQL statement
nano=# select * from bookings;
 flightno | flightname |    booking_date
----------+------------+---------------------
 dxb102   | emirates   | 2020-01-10 00:00:00
 dxb105   | nipon      | 2020-01-19 00:00:00
(2 rows)


nano=# select * from only bookings;
 flightno | flightname | booking_date
----------+------------+--------------
(0 rows)


nano=# select * from jan_bookings;
 flightno | flightname | booking_date
----------+------------+--------------
(0 rows)


nano=# select * from bookings;
 flightno | flightname |    booking_date
----------+------------+---------------------
 dxb102   | emirates   | 2020-01-10 00:00:00
 dxb105   | nipon      | 2020-01-19 00:00:00
(2 rows)


nano=#

Copy Table

  • Copy Table is used to copy the structure of a table along with data.
  • Unlike Inheritance table, copy table does not have any relationship with the base table.
  • Syntax with data:
CREATE TABLE new_table AS TABLE existing_table;
  • Syntax without data:
CREATE TABLE new_table as TABLE existing_table with no data;

nano=#
nano=# create table train_bookings(trainno serial,trainname varchar(200),destination varchar(100));
CREATE TABLE
nano=# insert into train_bookings(trainname,destination)values('express','toronto');
INSERT 0 1
nano=# insert into train_bookings(trainname,destination)values('semiexpress','montreal');
INSERT 0 1
nano=# insert into train_bookings(trainname,destination)values('goods','calgary');
INSERT 0 1
nano=# select * from train_bookings;
 trainno |  trainname  | destination
---------+-------------+-------------
       1 | express     | toronto
       2 | semiexpress | montreal
       3 | goods       | calgary
(3 rows)


nano=# create table train_dest as table train_bookings;
SELECT 3
nano=# select * from train_dest;
 trainno |  trainname  | destination
---------+-------------+-------------
       1 | express     | toronto
       2 | semiexpress | montreal
       3 | goods       | calgary
(3 rows)


nano=# \d train_bookings
                                         Table "public.train_bookings"
   Column    |          Type          | Collation | Nullable |                     Default
-------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------------------
 trainno     | integer                |           | not null | nextval('train_bookings_trainno_seq'::regclass)
 trainname   | character varying(200) |           |          |
 destination | character varying(100) |           |          |


nano=# \d train_dest
                       Table "public.train_dest"
   Column    |          Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default
-------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 trainno     | integer                |           |          |
 trainname   | character varying(200) |           |          |
 destination | character varying(100) |           |          |


nano=#
nano=# insert into train_dest(trainname,destination) values('passenger','yukon');
INSERT 0 1
nano=# select * from train_bookings;
 trainno |  trainname  | destination
---------+-------------+-------------
       1 | express     | toronto
       2 | semiexpress | montreal
       3 | goods       | calgary
(3 rows)


nano=# select * from train_dest;
 trainno |  trainname  | destination
---------+-------------+-------------
       1 | express     | toronto
       2 | semiexpress | montreal
       3 | goods       | calgary
         | passenger   | yukon
(4 rows)


nano=# drop table train_dest;
DROP TABLE
nano=# create table train_dest as table train_booking with no data;
ERROR:  relation "train_booking" does not exist
LINE 1: create table train_dest as table train_booking with no data;
                                         ^
nano=# create table train_dest as table train_bookings with no data;
CREATE TABLE AS
nano=# select * from train_dest;
 trainno | trainname | destination
---------+-----------+-------------
(0 rows)


nano=#
DB架构
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youqudek的博客
07-05 2750
Connection to localhost:5432 refused. Check that the hostname and port are correct and that the postmaster is accepting TCP/IP connections.
人大金仓 连接被拒绝 Connection to 127.0.0.1:54321 refused. Check that the hostname ....
weixin_44167504的博客
03-03 1万+
人大金仓 连接被拒绝 Connection to 127.0.0.1:54321 refused. Check that the hostname … 原因：服务未启动 解决方法： 1、进入到程序目录下 如 D:\Kingbase\ES\V8 2、cmd 打开终端 3、输入 sys_ctl start -D “D:\Kingbase\ES\V8\data” 启动服务成功后，再次连接数据库即可。 ...
pg_ctl连接postgres报错: another server might be running； trying to start server anyway
dorlolo的博客
10-15 1318
查看是否有进程占用了端口，这里查看到是docker占用了。找到并删除 rm -f postmaster.pid。根据自己的情况，选择停止容器或直接连接到容器中的pg。
PostgreSQL Unable to connect to server: XXX port 5432 failed: Connection refused
ideal-lingyun
03-17 4166
PostgreSQL Unable to connect to server: XXX port 5432 failed: Connection refused
pgAdmin导入数据错误问题
chengg0769 平淡无奇见真知
04-19 3025
pgAdmin导入数据(csv逗号分隔） 错误后从详细信息那里复制的语句，直接执行 copy public.t_fk_all (tablename, fkname, keys, val, remark, ordered) FROM 'C:/1.csv' DELIMITER ',' CSV ENCODING 'UTF8' QUOTE '\"' ESCAPE ''''; 提示： COPY quote must be a single one-byte character 去掉引号 copy publ
@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS)
06-06
`@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS)` 是 JPA 中用来指定继承策略的注解之一。它表示使用表继承策略，即每个实体类对应一个单独的表，该表包含了该实体类及其子类的所有属性。在该表中，没有特殊的列用来标识实体类型，因此不会出现 `DTYPE` 列的问题。 使用 `@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS)` 后，每个实体类都会对应一个单独的表，这些表之间没有任何关系，因此查询时需要使用 UNION ALL 来将它们合并。 该注解只能用在父类上，表示该父类为基类，所有子类都继承自该基类，并且使用表继承策略。同时，在父类上还需要使用 `@Entity` 注解来表示该类为实体类。
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