Graph representation and definition

representation:

1. adjacency matrix
   好处是对边或者权重的queries 都是O(1), remove or add an edge也是O(1). 坏处是对点不友好，增加一个点的操作是O(V^2). 而且本身存储太space consuming，同样是点的平方复杂度。导致在sparse matrix里不适用。

Adjacency Matrix is a 2D array of size V x V where V is the number of vertices in a graph. Let the 2D array be adj[][], a slot adj[i][j] = 1 indicates that there is an edge from vertex i to vertex j. Adjacency matrix for undirected graph is always symmetric. Adjacency Matrix is also used to represent weighted graphs. If adj[i][j] = w, then there is an edge from vertex i to vertex j with weight w.

2. adjacency list
   好处是省空间，O(V+E), 增加一个点方便。考虑增加一个在中间的点，矩阵表示需要重新update所有的点之间的关系，而这里只需要对新加的点进行操作即可。坏处就是queries一条边是否存在的时候需要O(V).

An array of lists is used. Size of the array is equal to the number of vertices. Let the array be array[]. An entry array[i] represents the list of vertices adjacent to the ith vertex. This representation can also be used to represent a weighted graph. The weights of edges can be represented as lists of pairs.

definition
利用二维数组定义的矩阵比较straightforward。
对于list，我们给出c/c++的基本定义风格如下。
C++:

// A simple representation of graph using STL 
#include<bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 

// A utility function to add an edge in an 
// undirected graph. 
void addEdge(vector<int> adj[], int u, int v) 
{ 
	adj[u].push_back(v); 
	adj[v].push_back(u); 
} 

// A utility function to print the adjacency list 
// representation of graph 
void printGraph(vector<int> adj[], int V) 
{ 
	for (int v = 0; v < V; ++v) 
	{ 
		cout << "\n Adjacency list of vertex "
			<< v << "\n head "; 
		for (auto x : adj[v]) 
		cout << "-> " << x; 
		printf("\n"); 
	} 
} 

// Driver code 
int main() 
{ 
	int V = 5; 
	vector<int> adj[V]; 
	addEdge(adj, 0, 1); 
	addEdge(adj, 0, 4); 
	addEdge(adj, 1, 2); 
	addEdge(adj, 1, 3); 
	addEdge(adj, 1, 4); 
	addEdge(adj, 2, 3); 
	addEdge(adj, 3, 4); 
	printGraph(adj, V); 
	return 0; 
} 

C语言：

// A C Program to demonstrate adjacency list 
// representation of graphs 
#include <stdio.h> 
#include <stdlib.h> 

// A structure to represent an adjacency list node 
struct AdjListNode 
{ 
	int dest; 
	struct AdjListNode* next; 
}; 

// A structure to represent an adjacency list 
struct AdjList 
{ 
	struct AdjListNode *head; 
}; 

// A structure to represent a graph. A graph 
// is an array of adjacency lists. 
// Size of array will be V (number of vertices 
// in graph) 
struct Graph 
{ 
	int V; 
	struct AdjList* array; 
}; 

// A utility function to create a new adjacency list node 
struct AdjListNode* newAdjListNode(int dest) 
{ 
	struct AdjListNode* newNode = 
	(struct AdjListNode*) malloc(sizeof(struct AdjListNode)); 
	newNode->dest = dest; 
	newNode->next = NULL; 
	return newNode; 
} 

// A utility function that creates a graph of V vertices 
struct Graph* createGraph(int V) 
{ 
	struct Graph* graph = 
		(struct Graph*) malloc(sizeof(struct Graph)); 
	graph->V = V; 

	// Create an array of adjacency lists. Size of 
	// array will be V 
	graph->array = 
	(struct AdjList*) malloc(V * sizeof(struct AdjList)); 

	// Initialize each adjacency list as empty by 
	// making head as NULL 
	int i; 
	for (i = 0; i < V; ++i) 
		graph->array[i].head = NULL; 

	return graph; 
} 

// Adds an edge to an undirected graph 
void addEdge(struct Graph* graph, int src, int dest) 
{ 
	// Add an edge from src to dest. A new node is 
	// added to the adjacency list of src. The node 
	// is added at the begining 
	struct AdjListNode* newNode = newAdjListNode(dest); 
	newNode->next = graph->array[src].head; 
	graph->array[src].head = newNode; 

	// Since graph is undirected, add an edge from 
	// dest to src also 
	newNode = newAdjListNode(src); 
	newNode->next = graph->array[dest].head; 
	graph->array[dest].head = newNode; 
} 

// A utility function to print the adjacency list 
// representation of graph 
void printGraph(struct Graph* graph) 
{ 
	int v; 
	for (v = 0; v < graph->V; ++v) 
	{ 
		struct AdjListNode* pCrawl = graph->array[v].head; 
		printf("\n Adjacency list of vertex %d\n head ", v); 
		while (pCrawl) 
		{ 
			printf("-> %d", pCrawl->dest); 
			pCrawl = pCrawl->next; 
		} 
		printf("\n"); 
	} 
} 

// Driver program to test above functions 
int main() 
{ 
	// create the graph given in above fugure 
	int V = 5; 
	struct Graph* graph = createGraph(V); 
	addEdge(graph, 0, 1); 
	addEdge(graph, 0, 4); 
	addEdge(graph, 1, 2); 
	addEdge(graph, 1, 3); 
	addEdge(graph, 1, 4); 
	addEdge(graph, 2, 3); 
	addEdge(graph, 3, 4); 

	// print the adjacency list representation of the above graph 
	printGraph(graph); 

	return 0; 
}