【Mongoose笔记】HTTP 客户端
简介
Mongoose 笔记系列用于记录学习 Mongoose 的一些内容。
Mongoose 是一个 C/C++ 的网络库。它为 TCP、UDP、HTTP、WebSocket、MQTT 实现了事件驱动的、非阻塞的 API。
项目地址：
https://github.com/cesanta/mongoose
学习
下面通过学习 Mongoose 项目代码中的 http-client 示例程序 ，来学习如何使用 Mongoose 实现一个简单的 HTTP 客户端程序。使用树莓派平台进行开发验证。
http-client 的示例程序不长，代码如下：
// Copyright (c) 2021 Cesanta Software Limited
// All rights reserved
//
// Example HTTP client. Connect to `s_url`, send request, wait for a response,
// print the response and exit.
// You can change `s_url` from the command line by executing: ./example YOUR_URL
//
// To enable SSL/TLS, make SSL=OPENSSL or make SSL=MBEDTLS
#include "mongoose.h"
// The very first web page in history. You can replace it from command line
static const char *s_url = "http://info.cern.ch/";
static const char *s_post_data = NULL; // POST data
static const uint64_t s_timeout_ms = 1500; // Connect timeout in milliseconds
// Print HTTP response and signal that we're done
static void fn(struct mg_connection *c, int ev, void *ev_data, void *fn_data) {
if (ev == MG_EV_OPEN) {
// Connection created. Store connect expiration time in c->label
*(uint64_t *) c->label = mg_millis() + s_timeout_ms;
} else if (ev == MG_EV_POLL) {
if (mg_millis() > *(uint64_t *) c->label &&
(c->is_connecting || c->is_resolving)) {
mg_error(c, "Connect timeout");
}
} else if (ev == MG_EV_CONNECT) {
// Connected to server. Extract host name from URL
struct mg_str host = mg_url_host(s_url);
// If s_url is https://, tell client connection to use TLS
if (mg_url_is_ssl(s_url)) {
struct mg_tls_opts opts = {.ca = "ca.pem", .srvname = host};
mg_tls_init(c, &opts);
}
// Send request
int content_length = s_post_data ? strlen(s_post_data) : 0;
mg_printf(c,
"%s %s HTTP/1.0\r\n"
"Host: %.*s\r\n"
"Content-Type: octet-stream\r\n"
"Content-Length: %d\r\n"
"\r\n",
s_post_data ? "POST" : "GET", mg_url_uri(s_url), (int) host.len,
host.ptr, content_length);
mg_send(c, s_post_data, content_length);
} else if (ev == MG_EV_HTTP_MSG) {
// Response is received. Print it
struct mg_http_message *hm = (struct mg_http_message *) ev_data;
printf("%.*s", (int) hm->message.len, hm->message.ptr);
c->is_closing = 1; // Tell mongoose to close this connection
*(bool *) fn_data = true; // Tell event loop to stop
} else if (ev == MG_EV_ERROR) {
*(bool *) fn_data = true; // Error, tell event loop to stop
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
const char *log_level = getenv("LOG_LEVEL"); // Allow user to set log level
if (log_level == NULL) log_level = "4"; // Default is verbose
struct mg_mgr mgr; // Event manager
bool done = false; // Event handler flips it to true
if (argc > 1) s_url = argv[1]; // Use URL provided in the command line
mg_log_set(atoi(log_level)); // Set to 0 to disable debug
mg_mgr_init(&mgr); // Initialise event manager
mg_http_connect(&mgr, s_url, fn, &done); // Create client connection
while (!done) mg_mgr_poll(&mgr, 50); // Event manager loops until 'done'
mg_mgr_free(&mgr); // Free resources
return 0;
}
下面从main函数开始分析代码。
首先是获取用户需要设置的日志等级，如不存在则默认为 4。
const char *log_level = getenv("LOG_LEVEL"); // Allow user to set log level
if (log_level == NULL) log_level = "4"; // Default is verbose
然后是一些变量定义。其中struct mg_mgr是用于保存所有活动连接的事件管理器。变量done用于判断何时停止下面的mg_mgr_poll函数的循环调用。
struct mg_mgr mgr; // Event manager
bool done = false; // Event handler flips it to true
如果命令行有传入 URL 参数，则使用命令行中提供的 URL 参数。
if (argc > 1) s_url = argv[1]; // Use URL provided in the command line
如果命令行没有传入参数，则是使用全局变量s_url的默认 URL 参数值http://info.cern.ch/。
// The very first web page in history. You can replace it from command line
static const char *s_url = "http://info.cern.ch/";
设置 Mongoose 日志记录级别，范围 0 - 4， 数值越大日志内容越多，设置 0 则为禁用调试信息。
mg_log_set(atoi(log_level)); // Set to 0 to disable debug
初始化一个事件管理器，也就是将上面定义的struct mg_mgr变量 mgr 中的数据进行初始化。
mg_mgr_init(&mgr); // Initialise event manager
创建 HTTP 客户端连接，它分配所需的资源并启动连接过程。其中fn是事件处理函数。 这里还把变量done的地址给设置进去了，这个指针会在事件处理函数中作为参数fn_data传递，用于后续的断开连接设置。
mg_http_connect(&mgr, s_url, fn, &done); // Create client connection
这是事件循环，mg_mgr_poll 遍历所有连接，接受新连接，发送和接收数据，关闭连接，并为各个事件调用事件处理函数。
while (!done) mg_mgr_poll(&mgr, 50); // Event manager loops until 'done'
当 done 为 true 时，也就是接收到了退出信号，则结束无限循环，调用 mg_mgr_free 关闭所有连接，释放所有资源。
mg_mgr_free(&mgr); // Free resources
分析完main函数后，我们看下事件处理函数fn的代码。
判断是否接收到 MG_EV_OPEN 事件，收到MG_EV_OPEN 事件表示已创建连接。该事件在分配连接并将其添加到事件管理器之后立即发送。
在收到 MG_EV_OPEN 事件后，将连接过期时间存储在 c->label。其中mg_millis返回当前正常运行时间，s_timeout_ms表示超时时间。
if (ev == MG_EV_OPEN) {
// Connection created. Store connect expiration time in c->label
*(uint64_t *) c->label = mg_millis() + s_timeout_ms;
}
s_timeout_ms是一个全局变量，其默认值为 1500，也就是超时时间是 1500 毫秒。
static const uint64_t s_timeout_ms = 1500; // Connect timeout in milliseconds
接下来是判断是否接收到 MG_EV_POLL 事件，在main函数中循环调用mg_mgr_poll 会发送MG_EV_POLL事件。
在收到MG_EV_POLL事件后判断是否连接超时。其中is_connecting表示正在进行非阻塞连接，is_resolving表示正在进行非阻塞DNS解析。
如果连接超时，则调用mg_error，会将MG_EV_ERROR发送到事件处理函数，并打印错误信息。
} else if (ev == MG_EV_POLL) {
if (mg_millis() > *(uint64_t *) c->label &&
(c->is_connecting || c->is_resolving)) {
mg_error(c, "Connect timeout");
}
}
接下来是判断是否接收到 MG_EV_CONNECT 事件，表示连接已建立。
首先使用mg_url_host函数从 URL 中提取主机名。然后使用mg_url_is_ssl函数用于检查给定的 URL 是否使用加密方案，如果s_url是https://，则告诉客户端连接使用 TLS，调用mg_tls_init函数初始化 TLS。
接着使用mg_printf发送请求，如果s_post_data数据不存在，则发送一个GET请求，如果s_post_data数据存在，则发送一个POST请求，并通过调用mg_send函数将s_post_data的数据附加到发送缓冲区中，只不过在这个示例程序中没有地方去给s_post_data赋予数据，所以必定为默认值NULL。mg_printf中的mg_url_uri函数用于返回 URL 中的 URI 部分。
} else if (ev == MG_EV_CONNECT) {
// Connected to server. Extract host name from URL
struct mg_str host = mg_url_host(s_url);
// If s_url is https://, tell client connection to use TLS
if (mg_url_is_ssl(s_url)) {
struct mg_tls_opts opts = {.ca = "ca.pem", .srvname = host};
mg_tls_init(c, &opts);
}
// Send request
int content_length = s_post_data ? strlen(s_post_data) : 0;
mg_printf(c,
"%s %s HTTP/1.0\r\n"
"Host: %.*s\r\n"
"Content-Type: octet-stream\r\n"
"Content-Length: %d\r\n"
"\r\n",
s_post_data ? "POST" : "GET", mg_url_uri(s_url), (int) host.len,
host.ptr, content_length);
mg_send(c, s_post_data, content_length);
}
接下来是判断是否接收到 MG_EV_HTTP_MSG 事件，表示收到来自 HTTP 服务器端的应答。
将函数参数ev_data转换为 struct mg_http_message，其中包含已解析的 HTTP 应答。然后将收到的应答打印出来。
通过将is_closing设置为 1，来告诉 mongoose 将连接关闭，并将fn_data的值设置为true，也就是main函数中的变量done设置为true，让循环结束，停止mg_mgr_poll函数的事件循环调用。
} else if (ev == MG_EV_HTTP_MSG) {
// Response is received. Print it
struct mg_http_message *hm = (struct mg_http_message *) ev_data;
printf("%.*s", (int) hm->message.len, hm->message.ptr);
c->is_closing = 1; // Tell mongoose to close this connection
*(bool *) fn_data = true; // Tell event loop to stop
}
接下来是判断是否接收到 MG_EV_ERROR 事件，表示出错，这里就是连接失败。来自于上面的MG_EV_POLL 事件处理。
连接失败后将将fn_data的值设置为true，停止main函数中的mg_mgr_poll函数的事件循环调用。
} else if (ev == MG_EV_ERROR) {
*(bool *) fn_data = true; // Error, tell event loop to stop
}
http-client 的示例程序代码就都解析完了，下面实际运行一下 http-client 程序。
打开示例程序，编译并运行：
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ cd Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client/
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $ make clean all
rm -rf example _CL* *.o *.dSYM *.gcov *.gcno *.gcda *.obj *.exe *.ilk *.pdb mbedtls
cc ../../mongoose.c -I../.. -W -Wall -DMG_ENABLE_LINES -o example main.c
./example
18637 3 net.c:182:mg_connect 1 0xffffffff http://info.cern.ch/
18637 3 net.c:182:mg_connect 2 0xffffffff udp://8.8.8.8:53
18637 4 dns.c:251:mg_sendnsreq 1 resolving info.cern.ch @ 8.8.8.8, txnid 1
18637 3 sock.c:153:mg_send 2 0x4 0:0 30 err 0
18669 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
1866a 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchRc
1869c 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
1869c 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchRc
186ce 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
186ce 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchRc
18700 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18700 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchRc
18732 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18732 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchRc
18764 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18764 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchRc
18797 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18797 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchRc
187c9 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
187c9 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchRc
187cc 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 r- tchrc
187cc 3 sock.c:281:read_conn 2 0x4 snd 0/0 rcv 0/2048 n=70 err=0
187cc 3 dns.c:167:dns_cb 1 webafs706.cern.ch is 188.184.21.108
187cc 3 sock.c:367:mg_connect_resolved 1 0x5 -> bcb8156c:80 pend
187cc 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tChrc
187fe 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
187ff 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tChrc
18831 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18831 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tChrc
18863 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18863 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tChrc
18895 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18895 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tChrc
188ba 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
188ba 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -w tChrc
188ba 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
188ba 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -w tchrc
188ba 3 sock.c:292:write_conn 1 0x5 snd 85/2048 rcv 0/0 n=85 err=115
188ec 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
188ec 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchrc
1891e 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
1891e 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchrc
18950 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18950 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchrc
18983 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
18983 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 -- tchrc
189a3 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrc
189a3 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 1 r- tchrc
189a3 3 sock.c:281:read_conn 1 0x5 snd 0/2048 rcv 0/2048 n=878 err=115
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2022 16:03:54 GMT
Server: Apache
Last-Modified: Wed, 05 Feb 2014 16:00:31 GMT
ETag: "286-4f1aadb3105c0"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 646
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html><head></head><body><header>
<title>http://info.cern.ch</title>
</header>
<h1>http://info.cern.ch - home of the first website</h1>
<p>From here you can:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">Browse the first website</a></li>
<li><a href="http://line-mode.cern.ch/www/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">Browse the first website using the line-mode browser simulator</a></li>
<li><a href="http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/birth-web">Learn about the birth of the web</a></li>
<li><a href="http://home.web.cern.ch/about">Learn about CERN, the physics laboratory where the web was born</a></li>
</ul>
</body></html>
189a3 3 net.c:159:mg_close_conn 1 0x5 closed
189a4 4 sock.c:648:mg_mgr_poll 2 -- tchrC
189a4 3 net.c:159:mg_close_conn 2 0x4 closed
189a4 3 net.c:244:mg_mgr_free All connections closed
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $
可以看到 HTTP 客户端访问http://info.cern.ch/网站的详细过程，包括从连接，发送，接收响应，关闭连接的过程。
默认情况下我们没有设置环境变量LOG_LEVEL，程序里会将日志记录级别设置为 4， 就向上面一样打印很多信息。
如果不想要那么多调试信息，可以通过设置环境变量LOG_LEVEL来调整日志等级，如下，我们将等级设置为 1 ：
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $ export LOG_LEVEL=1; ./example
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2022 16:12:50 GMT
Server: Apache
Last-Modified: Wed, 05 Feb 2014 16:00:31 GMT
ETag: "286-4f1aadb3105c0"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 646
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html><head></head><body><header>
<title>http://info.cern.ch</title>
</header>
<h1>http://info.cern.ch - home of the first website</h1>
<p>From here you can:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">Browse the first website</a></li>
<li><a href="http://line-mode.cern.ch/www/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">Browse the first website using the line-mode browser simulator</a></li>
<li><a href="http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/birth-web">Learn about the birth of the web</a></li>
<li><a href="http://home.web.cern.ch/about">Learn about CERN, the physics laboratory where the web was born</a></li>
</ul>
</body></html>
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $
可以看到就没有那么多的调试信息了，只有 HTTP 响应消息。
下面我们来试着修改访问的 URL，去访问下我们自己的 HTTP 服务器。
我们先运行下 mongoose 的 http-server 的示例程序，然后再回来运行 http-client 程序，并将 URL 修改为http://localhost:8000，如下：
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $ ./example http://localhost:8000
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 1948
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Index of /</title><script>function srt(tb, sc, so, d) {var tr = Array.prototype.slice.call(tb.rows, 0),tr = tr.sort(function (a, b) { var c1 = a.cells[sc], c2 = b.cells[sc],n1 = c1.getAttribute('name'), n2 = c2.getAttribute('name'), t1 = a.cells[2].getAttribute('name'), t2 = b.cells[2].getAttribute('name'); return so * (t1 < 0 && t2 >= 0 ? -1 : t2 < 0 && t1 >= 0 ? 1 : n1 ? parseInt(n2) - parseInt(n1) : c1.textContent.trim().localeCompare(c2.textContent.trim())); });for (var i = 0; i < tr.length; i++) tb.appendChild(tr[i]); if (!d) window.location.hash = ('sc=' + sc + '&so=' + so); };window.onload = function() {var tb = document.getElementById('tb');var m = /sc=([012]).so=(1|-1)/.exec(window.location.hash) || [0, 2, 1];var sc = m[1], so = m[2]; document.onclick = function(ev) { var c = ev.target.rel; if (c) {if (c == sc) so *= -1; srt(tb, c, so); sc = c; ev.preventDefault();}};srt(tb, sc, so, true);}</script><style>th,td {text-align: left; padding-right: 1em; font-family: monospace; }</style></head><body><h1>Index of /</h1><table cellpadding="0"><thead><tr><th><a href="#" rel="0">Name</a></th><th><a href="#" rel="1">Modified</a></th><th><a href="#" rel="2">Size</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr></thead><tbody id="tb">
<tr><td><a href="..">..</a></td><td name=-1></td><td name=-1>[DIR]</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="example">example</a></td><td name=1667833757>2022/11/07 23:09:17</td><td name=144700>144700</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="Makefile">Makefile</a></td><td name=1667728719>2022/11/06 17:58:39</td><td name=1057>1057</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="main.c">main.c</a></td><td name=1667728719>2022/11/06 17:58:39</td><td name=3474>3474</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="README.md">README.md</a></td><td name=1667728719>2022/11/06 17:58:39</td><td name=68>68</td></tr>
</tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr></tfoot></table><address>Mongoose v.7.8</address></body></html>
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $
可以看到成功得到 HTTP 响应消息，并且得到了访问的页面内容。另一边的 HTTP 服务器程序日志也显示收到了GET请求，并返回状态码 200， 实体主体的大小为 1948。
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-server $ ./example
24dd6 2 main.c:96:main Mongoose version : v7.8
24dd6 2 main.c:97:main Listening on : http://0.0.0.0:8000
24dd6 2 main.c:98:main Web root : [/home/pi/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-server]
2a98b 2 main.c:34:cb GET / 200 1948
下面我们要访问https的 URL，需要启用 SSL/TLS，我们重新编译运行，使用 OpenSSL 构建，如下：
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $ make clean all SSL=OPENSSL
rm -rf example _CL* *.o *.dSYM *.gcov *.gcno *.gcda *.obj *.exe *.ilk *.pdb mbedtls
cc ../../mongoose.c -I../.. -W -Wall -DMG_ENABLE_LINES -DMG_ENABLE_OPENSSL=1 -lssl -lcrypto -o example main.c
./example
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2022 15:59:15 GMT
Server: Apache
Last-Modified: Wed, 05 Feb 2014 16:00:31 GMT
ETag: "286-4f1aadb3105c0"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 646
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html><head></head><body><header>
<title>http://info.cern.ch</title>
</header>
<h1>http://info.cern.ch - home of the first website</h1>
<p>From here you can:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">Browse the first website</a></li>
<li><a href="http://line-mode.cern.ch/www/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">Browse the first website using the line-mode browser simulator</a></li>
<li><a href="http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/birth-web">Learn about the birth of the web</a></li>
<li><a href="http://home.web.cern.ch/about">Learn about CERN, the physics laboratory where the web was born</a></li>
</ul>
</body></html>
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $
重新编译后，我们访问一个https的 URL，例如访问百度的网站：
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $ ./example https://www.baidu.com/
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Cache-Control: no-cache
Content-Length: 9508
Content-Type: text/html
Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2022 16:03:37 GMT
P3p: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "
P3p: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "
Pragma: no-cache
Server: BWS/1.1
Set-Cookie: BAIDUID=AB791EC8DAE58FCFEE6C4B0930839CA5:FG=1; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: BIDUPSID=AB791EC8DAE58FCFEE6C4B0930839CA5; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: PSTM=1668701017; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
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autocomplete="off"> </span><span class="s_btn_wr"><input type="submit" id="su" value="百度一下" class="bg s_btn"> </span><input type="hidden" name="rn" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="fenlei" value="256"> <input type="hidden" name="oq" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="rsv_pq" value="b9ff093e0000e419"> <input type="hidden" name="rsv_t" value="3635FYbdbC8tlWmudZmYaUnaucNe+RzTzNEGqg/JuniQU10WL5mtMQehIrU"> <input type="hidden" name="rqlang" value="cn"> <input type="hidden" name="rsv_enter" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="rsv_dl" value="ib"></form></div></div></div><div id="bottom_layer" class="s-bottom-layer s-isindex-wrap"><div class="s-bottom-layer-content"><p class="lh"><a class="text-color" href="//home.baidu.com/" target="_blank">关于百度</a></p><p class="lh"><a class="text-color" href="//ir.baidu.com/" target="_blank">About Baidu</a></p><p class="lh"><a class="text-color" href="//www.baidu.com/duty" target="_blank">使用百度前必读</a></p><p class="lh"><a class="text-color" href="//help.baidu.com/" target="_blank">帮助中心</a></p><p class="lh"><a class="text-color" href="//www.beian.gov.cn/portal/registerSystemInfo?recordcode=11000002000001" target="_blank">京公网安备11000002000001号</a></p><p class="lh"><a class="text-color" href="//beian.miit.gov.cn/" target="_blank">京ICP证030173号</a></p><p class="lh"><span id="year" class="text-color"></span></p><p class="lh"><span class="text-color">互联网药品信息服务资格证书 (京)-经营性-2017-0020</span></p><p class="lh"><a class="text-color" href="//www.baidu.com/licence/" target="_blank">信息网络传播视听节目许可证 0110516</a></p></div></div></div></div><script type="text/javascript">var date=new Date,year=date.getFullYear();document.getElementById("year").innerText="©"+year+" Baidu "</script></body></html>
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $
成功得到了 HTTP 响应。
如果我们没有启用 SSL/TLS，就去连接https的 URL，就会出现如下这种连接超时的错误：
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $ ./example https://www.baidu.com/
16dd6a 1 event.c:21:mg_error 1 0xffffffff Connect timeout
pi@raspberrypi:~/Desktop/study/mongoose/examples/http-client $
【参考资料】
本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u012028275/article/details/128029003
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