String.index

        let animal = "start"
        let firstLetterIndex = animal.index(animal.startIndex, offsetBy: 3)
        print(animal[animal.startIndex])
        print(animal[firstLetterIndex])
        print(animal[..<firstLetterIndex])

      // 打印结果 animal[animal.startIndex]为"s",animal[firstLetterIndex]为"r", animal[..<firstLetterIndex]为"sta"

     // animalkey为String.SubSequence类型
    let animalKey = animal[..<firstLetterIndex] 

    // animalkeyString为String类型
    let animalKeyString = String(animalKey) 

    // animal[animal.startIndex]为"s",animal[firstLetterIndex]为"r"

   // 当 animalsDict[animalKeyString] 为 nil时,presetValue默认值为 ["aaaaa"]
        var presetValue = animalsDict[animalKeyString] ?? ["aaaaa"]

        print(presetValue)
  //  ["aaaaa"]

打印结果如上所示