Strings

Java中的String

平时的编程中，我们能清晰的体会到 ，字符串操作在编程中随处可见 。

不可变的String

首先，我们要明确的问题就是Java里面的String是不可变的。String类中的每一个看起来修改String值的方法，实际上都是创建了一个全新的String对象引用，以包含修改后的字符串的内容。

<span style="white-space:pre">	</span>public static void main(String[] args) {

		String hello = "Hello";
		System.out.println(hello);
		System.out.println(hello.hashCode());

		hello += " Java String";
		System.out.println(hello);
		System.out.println(hello.hashCode());

		hello = hello.toUpperCase();
		System.out.println(hello);
		System.out.println(hello.hashCode());
	}
	/**
	 * 输出 
	 * Hello 69609650 
	 * Hello Java String -1069039263 
	 * HELLO JAVA STRING 919675233
	 */

上面的代码输出说明，每次对String对象的值进行改变的时候，都创建了一个新的String对象，而不是修改原来的String对象的值，回到了 我们的第一个要点   String是不可变的。

另外还需要注意的地方是 Java的 字符串是放在常量池里面的，当你第已经创建了一个字符串常量的时候 ，如果再创建和原来字符串值相同的String对象，其实只是对原String对象的一个引用。

看下面的这段代码：

<span style="white-space:pre">	</span>String helloAgain = "Hello Again";
	System.out.println(helloAgain.hashCode());
	String helloAgain1 = "Hello Again";
	System.out.println(helloAgain1.hashCode());
	String helloAgain2 = helloAgain1;
	System.out.println(helloAgain2.hashCode());
	
	输出
	-883117486
	-883117486
	-883117486

String 上的一些操作常用方法   

Method 方法	Arguments, Overloading 参数 ， 重载版本	Use 应用
Constructor	Overloaded: default, String, StringBuilder, StringBuffer, char arrays, byte arrays.	Creating String objects.
length( )		Number of characters in the String. String中字符的个数
charAt( )	int Index Int索引	The char at a location in the String. 取得该位置上的char
getChars( ), getBytes( )	The beginning and end from which to copy, the array to copy into, an index into the destination array. 要复制部分的起点和终 点的索引， 复制的目标数组，目标数组的起始索引	Copy chars or bytes into an external array. 复制char, byte到一个目标数组中
toCharArray( )		Produces a char[] containing the characters in the String. 生成一个char[],包含所有的字符
equals( ),  equalsIgnoreCase( )	A String to compare with.	An equality check on the contents of the two Strings.
compareTo( )	A String to compare with.	Result is negative, zero, or positive depending on the lexicographical ordering of the String and the argument. Uppercase and lowercase are not equal! 按照词典顺序比较String的内容，比较结果为负数，正数，0.注意，大小写并不等价。
contains( )	A CharSequence to search for. 要搜索的CharSequence	Result is true if the argument is contained in the String. 如果String对象包含参数内容，返回true
contentEquals( )	A CharSequence or StringBuffer to compare to.	Result is true if there’s an exact match with the argument.
equalsIgnoreCase( )	A String to compare with.	Result is true if the contents are equal, ignoring case.
regionMatches( )	Offset into this String, the other String and its offset and length to compare. Overload adds "ignore case."	boolean result indicates whether the region matches.
startsWith( )	String that it might start with. Overload adds offset into argument.	boolean result indicates whether the Stringstarts with the argument.
endsWith( )	String that might be a suffix of this String.	boolean result indicates whether the argument is a suffix.
indexOf( ), lastIndexOf( )	Overloaded: char, char and starting index, String,	Returns -1 if the argument is not found within this String; otherwise, returns
substring( ) (also subSequence( ))	Overloaded: starting index; starting index + ending index.	Returns a new String object containing the specified character set.
concat( )	The String to concatenate.	Returns a new String object containing the original String’s characters followed by the characters in the argument.
replace()	The old character to search for, the new character to replace it with. Can also replace a CharSequence with a CharSequence.	Returns a new String object with the replacements made. Uses the old String if no match is found.
toLowerCase( ) toUpperCase( )		Returns a new String object with the case of all letters changed. Uses the old String if no changes need to be made.
trim( )		Returns a new String object with the whitespace removed from each end. Uses the old String if no changes need to be made.
valueOf( )	Overloaded: Object, char[], char[] and offset and count, boolean, char, int, long, float, double.	Returns a String containing a character representation of the argument.
intern( )		Produces one and only one String reference per unique character sequence.

使用这些方法的时候，当需要改变字符串的内容的时候，String类的方法都会返回一个新的String对象，同时，如果内容没有发生变化,String的方法只是返回指向原对象的引用而已。

StringBuilder 类

通过上面的内容我们似乎也看出来了String的弊端，如果直接使用String来进行涉及到字符串值改变的操作会产生大量的中间过程，从而产生性能上的问题。  虽然 StringBuilder 对象是动态对象，允许扩充它所封装的字符串中字符的数量，但是您可以为它可容纳的最大字符数指定一个值,此值称为该对象的容量。

@Override
	public String toString() {
		StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
		Random random = new Random(47);

		for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
			builder.append(random.nextInt(100));
			builder.append(",");
		}
		return builder.toString();
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {

		UsingStringBulider usb = new UsingStringBulider();
		System.out.println(usb);
	}
	// 输出  58,55,93,61,61,29,68,0,22,7,88,28,51,89,9,78,98,61,20,58,16,40,11,22,4,

未完待续