动态存储空间地址为什么要用二级指针做形参返回给调用函数

 如果需要传递动态存储空间的地址给调用函数，如果不采用返回值方法传递，那么只能采用二级指针作为输入输出参数传递给调用函数。

不能采用一级指针原因是，被调函数形参会拷贝一份用来存储动态存储空间的地址，但是函数执行结束后，形参被释放，我们需要的动态存储空间地址找不到了，所以此方法不行。调用函数将一级指针地址传递给被调函数的二级指针，那么在被调函数中即便是一个形参，但是形参所指向的存储空间依旧是调用函数的一级指针，这时候把动态存储空间地址传给这个二级指针所指向一级指针存储空间就可以在调用函数中访问。

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define CHOOSE 0//条件编译切换方法
typedef struct
{
    int x;
    int y;
}pt;

//返回值方法
pt *mildpt(const pt *p_start, const pt *p_end)
{
    pt *p_ret = (pt*)malloc(sizeof(pt));
    if(p_ret)//判断分配是否成功
    {
        p_ret -> x = (p_start -> x + p_end -> x) / 2;
        p_ret -> y = (p_start -> y + p_end -> y) / 2;
    }

    return p_ret;
}

//二级指针方法
int mildp1(const pt *p_start, const pt *p_end, pt **pp_mild)
{
    *pp_mild = (pt*)malloc(sizeof(pt));
    if(*pp_mild)//判断分配是否成功
    {
        (*pp_mild) -> x = (p_start -> x + p_end -> x) / 2;
        (*pp_mild) -> y = (p_start -> y + p_end -> y) / 2;
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

int main()
{
    pt start = {};
    pt end = {};
    pt *p_mild = NULL;
    printf("Please input point A:");
    scanf("%d %d", &start.x, &start.y);
    printf("Please input point B:");
    scanf("%d %d", &end.x, &end.y);

    #if(CHOOSE == 1)
    p_mild = mildpt(&start, &end);
    if(p_mild)//再次判断分配是否成功
    {
        printf("(%d, %d)\n", p_mild -> x, p_mild -> y);
        free(p_mild);//释放内存
        p_mild = NULL;//指向空地址
    }
    #else
    if(mildp1(&start, &end, &p_mild))//再次判断分配是否成功
    {
        printf("(%d, %d)\n", p_mild -> x, p_mild -> y);
        free(p_mild);//释放内存
        p_mild = NULL;//指向空地址
    }
    #endif

    return 0;
}

动态存储空间需要注意几点问题：

1.分配存储空间后需要判断地址是否非0，否则分配失败；

2.如果分配在被调函数中，则在调用函数中也需要再次判断是否非0；

3.使用结束后需要用free释放存储空间，并且将地址指向NULL，否则会成为野指针；

 求五个学生的语数外各科成绩的平均值。（采用三种算法，0. 函数直接返回均值地址、1.动态内存分配返回均值地址、2.动态内存分配返回值为1或0）

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define DEBUG  2
typedef struct 
{
    int chinese;
    int english;
    int math;
}grade;

grade *average(grade *p_stu, int size, grade *p_ave)
{
    grade *p_num = NULL;
    for(p_num = p_stu;p_num < p_stu + size;p_num++)
    {
        p_ave -> chinese += p_num -> chinese;
        p_ave -> english += p_num -> english;
        p_ave -> math += p_num -> math;
    }
    p_ave -> chinese /= size;
    p_ave -> english /= size;
    p_ave -> math /= size;

    return p_ave;
}

grade *average_malloc(grade *p_stu, int size)
{
    grade *p_num = NULL;
    grade *p_ave = (grade *)malloc(sizeof(grade));
    if(p_ave)
    {
        p_ave -> chinese = 0;
        p_ave -> english = 0;
        p_ave -> math = 0;
        for(p_num = p_stu;p_num < p_stu + size;p_num++)
        {
            p_ave -> chinese += p_num -> chinese;
            p_ave -> english += p_num -> english;
            p_ave -> math += p_num -> math;
        }
        p_ave -> chinese /= size;
        p_ave -> english /= size;
        p_ave -> math /= size;        
    }

    return p_ave;
}

int p_average_malloc(grade *p_stu, int size, grade **pp_ave)
{
    grade *p_num = NULL;
    *pp_ave = (grade *)malloc(sizeof(grade));
    if(*pp_ave)
    {
        (*pp_ave) -> chinese = 0;
        (*pp_ave) -> english = 0;
        (*pp_ave) -> math = 0;
        for(p_num = p_stu;p_num < p_stu + size;p_num++)
        {
            (*pp_ave)  -> chinese += p_num -> chinese;
            (*pp_ave)  -> english += p_num -> english;
            (*pp_ave)  -> math += p_num -> math;
        }
        (*pp_ave)  -> chinese /= size;
        (*pp_ave)  -> english /= size;
        (*pp_ave)  -> math /= size;  

        return 1;      
    }

    return 0;
}

int main()
{
    grade stu_five[5] = {};
    grade *p_num = NULL;
    grade ave = {};
    grade *p_ave = NULL;
    for(p_num = stu_five;p_num < stu_five + 5;p_num++)
    {
        printf("Please input three subjects' grade:");
        scanf("%d%d%d", &(p_num -> chinese), &(p_num -> english), &(p_num -> math));
    }

    #if(DEBUG == 1)
    {
        p_ave = average_malloc(stu_five, 5);
        if(p_ave)
        {
            printf("The three subjects' average grades are:%d %d %d\n", p_ave -> chinese, p_ave -> english, p_ave -> math);
            free(p_ave);
            p_ave = NULL;
        }                
    }
    #elif(DEBUG == 2)
    {
        if(p_average_malloc(stu_five, 5, &p_ave))
        {
            printf("The three subjects' average grades are:%d %d %d\n", p_ave -> chinese, p_ave -> english, p_ave -> math);
            free(p_ave);
            p_ave = NULL;            
        }
    }   
    #else
    {
        average(stu_five, 5, &ave);
        printf("The three subjects' average grades are:%d %d %d\n", ave.chinese, ave.english, ave.math);
    }
    #endif

    return 0;
}