在消息机制源码分析一文中（Handler，Looper，MessageQueue，android中的消息机制以及源码分析（二）），我有提到过，adnroid系统运用了单线程模型，即只有UI线程（主线程）完成屏幕绘制等任务。四大组件大多都是在主线程中运作，所以在其中，耗时操作会导致主线程阻塞。为了避免这种阻塞带来的交互上的不友好，在每一个组件中都用不同的时间限制阻塞超时的时间，超时时会导致ANR（有需要请自行查找资料~）。为了解决ANR和耗时操作带来阻塞的问题，通常有几种办法：其实，说这是两种方法是不太确切的。因为AsyncTask其实就是android工程师对线程handler的友好的封装，下面我们就来一起看一下AsyncTask究竟如何实现。通过简单看源码，不难看出在AsyncTask中有很多类是来自于
package java.util.concurrent;这一包下。并且不仅是AsyncTask，很多源码中都会涉及到concurrent包。这是怎样的一个包呢？
我们都知道，在JDK1.5之前，Java中要进行业务并发时，通常需要有程序员独立完成代码实现，当然也有一些开源的框架提供了这些功能，但是这些依然没有JDK自带的功能使用起来方便。而当针对高质量Java多线程并发程序设计时,为防止死蹦等现象的出现，比如使用java之前的wait()、notify()和synchronized等，每每需要考虑性能、死锁、公平性、资源管理以及如何避免线程安全性方面带来的危害等诸多因素，往往会采用一些较为复杂的安全策略，加重了程序员的开发负担.万幸的是，在JDK1.5出现之后，Sun大神（Doug Lea）终于为我们这些可怜的小程序员推出了java.util.concurrent工具包以简化并发完成。开发者们借助于此，将有效的减少竞争条件（race conditions）和死锁线程。concurrent包很好的解决了这些问题，为我们提供了更实用的并发程序模型。
（摘抄自java concurrent 探秘）
膜拜完大神，接下来入正题。
在使用AsyncTask的过程中我们都知道需要实现几个方法，最后再execute一下就可以执行任务，那么执行的开始一定就是就是从execute方法开始。
/**
* Executes the task with the specified parameters. The task returns
* itself (this) so that the caller can keep a reference to it.
*
* <p>Note: this function schedules the task on a queue for a single background
* thread or pool of threads depending on the platform version. When first
* introduced, AsyncTasks were executed serially on a single background thread.
* Starting with {@link android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES#DONUT}, this was changed
* to a pool of threads allowing multiple tasks to operate in parallel. Starting
* {@link android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES#HONEYCOMB}, tasks are back to being
* executed on a single thread to avoid common application errors caused
* by parallel execution. If you truly want parallel execution, you can use
* the {@link #executeOnExecutor} version of this method
* with {@link #THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR}; however, see commentary there for warnings
* on its use.
*
* <p>This method must be invoked on the UI thread.
*
* @param params The parameters of the task.
*
* @return This instance of AsyncTask.
*
* @throws IllegalStateException If {@link #getStatus()} returns either
* {@link AsyncTask.Status#RUNNING} or {@link AsyncTask.Status#FINISHED}.
*
* @see #executeOnExecutor(java.util.concurrent.Executor, Object[])
* @see #execute(Runnable)
*/
public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> execute(Params... params) {
return executeOnExecutor(sDefaultExecutor, params);
}接着往下看
/**
* Executes the task with the specified parameters. The task returns
* itself (this) so that the caller can keep a reference to it.
*
* <p>This method is typically used with {@link #THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR} to
* allow multiple tasks to run in parallel on a pool of threads managed by
* AsyncTask, however you can also use your own {@link Executor} for custom
* behavior.
*
* <p><em>Warning:</em> Allowing multiple tasks to run in parallel from
* a thread pool is generally <em>not</em> what one wants, because the order
* of their operation is not defined. For example, if these tasks are used
* to modify any state in common (such as writing a file due to a button click),
* there are no guarantees on the order of the modifications.
* Without careful work it is possible in rare cases for the newer version
* of the data to be over-written by an older one, leading to obscure data
* loss and stability issues. Such changes are best
* executed in serial; to guarantee such work is serialized regardless of
* platform version you can use this function with {@link #SERIAL_EXECUTOR}.
*
* <p>This method must be invoked on the UI thread.
*
* @param exec The executor to use. {@link #THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR} is available as a
* convenient process-wide thread pool for tasks that are loosely coupled.
* @param params The parameters of the task.
*
* @return This instance of AsyncTask.
*
* @throws IllegalStateException If {@link #getStatus()} returns either
* {@link AsyncTask.Status#RUNNING} or {@link AsyncTask.Status#FINISHED}.
*
* @see #execute(Object[])
*/
public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec,
Params... params) {
if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {
switch (mStatus) {
case RUNNING:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task is already running.");
case FINISHED:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task has already been executed "
+ "(a task can be executed only once)");
}
}
mStatus = Status.RUNNING;
onPreExecute();
mWorker.mParams = params;
exec.execute(mFuture);
return this;
}public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec,
Params... params)在默认的execute方法中，传入了一个默认的Executor
/**
* An {@link Executor} that executes tasks one at a time in serial
* order. This serialization is global to a particular process.
*/
public static final Executor SERIAL_EXECUTOR = new SerialExecutor();
private static volatile Executor sDefaultExecutor = SERIAL_EXECUTOR;private static class SerialExecutor implements Executor {
final ArrayDeque<Runnable> mTasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>();
Runnable mActive;
public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) {
mTasks.offer(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
r.run();
} finally {
scheduleNext();
}
}
});
if (mActive == null) {
scheduleNext();
}
}
protected synchronized void scheduleNext() {
if ((mActive = mTasks.poll()) != null) {
THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive);
}
}
}ArrayDeque是一个Runnable的队列，用来做容器。
在SerialExecutor中实现了Executor接口的execute方法，在执行该方法时，将Runnable（将传入的FutureTask封装进去）添加进队列末尾。然后在finally方法块里调用scheduleNext执行下一个任务。为什么要这样设计呢？这样设计回答道什么样的效果？这个也在稍后为大家解答~
THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive) /**
* An {@link Executor} that can be used to execute tasks in parallel.
*/
public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR
= new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE,
TimeUnit.SECONDS, sPoolWorkQueue, sThreadFactory);
我们可以看到THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR其实就是一个线程池的Executor。官方给出的注释中表明，该Executor被用来并行的执行任务。
那么，我们接着看回来executeOnExecutor方法（见前面的方法块）
if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {
switch (mStatus) {
case RUNNING:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task is already running.");
case FINISHED:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task has already been executed "
+ "(a task can be executed only once)");
}
} /**
* Indicates the current status of the task. Each status will be set only once
* during the lifetime of a task.
*/
public enum Status {
/**
* Indicates that the task has not been executed yet.
*/
PENDING,
/**
* Indicates that the task is running.
*/
RUNNING,
/**
* Indicates that {@link AsyncTask#onPostExecute} has finished.
*/
FINISHED,
}
至于为什么会报错呢？我们稍后再来讨论。
接着看executeOnExecutor方法。在状态是PENDING时，执行后面的代码。将状态编程RUNNING，并且执行了我们自己实现的虚函数onPreExecute（）。
然后涉及了两个成员变量，分别是：
private final WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> mWorker;
private final FutureTask<Result> mFuture;private static abstract class WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> implements Callable<Result> {
Params[] mParams;
}这里面的Params和Result大家应该很熟悉，就是在实例化AsyncTask时我们自己所传入的泛型。
而Callable我们可以看一下：
/**
* A task that returns a result and may throw an exception.
* Implementors define a single method with no arguments called
* {@code call}.
*
* <p>The {@code Callable} interface is similar to {@link
* java.lang.Runnable}, in that both are designed for classes whose
* instances are potentially executed by another thread. A
* {@code Runnable}, however, does not return a result and cannot
* throw a checked exception.
*
* <p>The {@link Executors} class contains utility methods to
* convert from other common forms to {@code Callable} classes.
*
* @see Executor
* @since 1.5
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <V> the result type of method {@code call}
*/
public interface Callable<V> {
/**
* Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
*
* @return computed result
* @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
*/
V call() throws Exception;
}Callable接口中只有一个call方法。官方注释中给出的解释是，是和Runnable一样，都是用来在另一个线程中使用的接口。但是区别于Runnable中的run方法，Callable中的call方法具有返回值，并且可以抛出异常。
接下来我们看一下他们在AsyncTask构造函数中的具体实例化：
/**
* Creates a new asynchronous task. This constructor must be invoked on the UI thread.
*/
public AsyncTask() {
mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
public Result call() throws Exception {
mTaskInvoked.set(true);
Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
//noinspection unchecked
return postResult(doInBackground(mParams));
}
};
mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
@Override
protected void done() {
try {
postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("An error occured while executing doInBackground()",
e.getCause());
} catch (CancellationException e) {
postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
}
}
};
}mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
public Result call() throws Exception {
mTaskInvoked.set(true);
Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
//noinspection unchecked
return postResult(doInBackground(mParams));
}
};Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);mTaskInvoked是一个AtomicBoolean。关于Atomic是原子类，里面常见的有CAS操作，有兴趣的话可以自行查找资料。
最后的postResult中调用的doInBackground方法大家一定很熟悉了。将result结果传入postResult方法，在方法中利用上一篇讲的handler发送了一个Message。
private Result postResult(Result result) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Message message = sHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
message.sendToTarget();
return result;
} private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {
@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"})
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
AsyncTaskResult result = (AsyncTaskResult) msg.obj;
switch (msg.what) {
case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT:
// There is only one result
result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]);
break;
case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:
result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);
break;
}
}
} private static class AsyncTaskResult<Data> {
final AsyncTask mTask;
final Data[] mData;
AsyncTaskResult(AsyncTask task, Data... data) {
mTask = task;
mData = data;
}
}那么在WorkRunnable的call中handler传递消息后完成的操作就是调用了finish方法
private void finish(Result result) {
if (isCancelled()) {
onCancelled(result);
} else {
onPostExecute(result);
}
mStatus = Status.FINISHED;
}在这一方法中，首先判断了AsyncTask是否是取消的。
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task was cancelled before it completed
* normally. If you are calling {@link #cancel(boolean)} on the task,
* the value returned by this method should be checked periodically from
* {@link #doInBackground(Object[])} to end the task as soon as possible.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if task was cancelled before it completed
*
* @see #cancel(boolean)
*/
public final boolean isCancelled() {
return mCancelled.get();
} private final AtomicBoolean mCancelled = new AtomicBoolean();
/**
* <p>Attempts to cancel execution of this task. This attempt will
* fail if the task has already completed, already been cancelled,
* or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
* and this task has not started when <tt>cancel</tt> is called,
* this task should never run. If the task has already started,
* then the <tt>mayInterruptIfRunning</tt> parameter determines
* whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
* an attempt to stop the task.</p>
*
* <p>Calling this method will result in {@link #onCancelled(Object)} being
* invoked on the UI thread after {@link #doInBackground(Object[])}
* returns. Calling this method guarantees that {@link #onPostExecute(Object)}
* is never invoked. After invoking this method, you should check the
* value returned by {@link #isCancelled()} periodically from
* {@link #doInBackground(Object[])} to finish the task as early as
* possible.</p>
*
* @param mayInterruptIfRunning <tt>true</tt> if the thread executing this
* task should be interrupted; otherwise, in-progress tasks are allowed
* to complete.
*
* @return <tt>false</tt> if the task could not be cancelled,
* typically because it has already completed normally;
* <tt>true</tt> otherwise
*
* @see #isCancelled()
* @see #onCancelled(Object)
*/
public final boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
mCancelled.set(true);
return mFuture.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning);
} /**
* <p>Applications should preferably override {@link #onCancelled(Object)}.
* This method is invoked by the default implementation of
* {@link #onCancelled(Object)}.</p>
*
* <p>Runs on the UI thread after {@link #cancel(boolean)} is invoked and
* {@link #doInBackground(Object[])} has finished.</p>
*
* @see #onCancelled(Object)
* @see #cancel(boolean)
* @see #isCancelled()
*/
protected void onCancelled() {
}不论isCancelled返回什么，都代表改任务完成，都会将状态置为FINISHED。
而通过上面Handler相关的代码，我们可以看到并没有执行下面的代码：
<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:
result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);
break;通过下面的代码，我们可以看到，是在publishProgress中使用了handler传递了更新进度条的消息，而publishProgress方法是需要我们自己再doInBackground方法中有需要的情况下自己去调用的。通过这样的方法实现了在异步任务实现的过程中与UI线程的交互操作。
/**
* This method can be invoked from {@link #doInBackground} to
* publish updates on the UI thread while the background computation is
* still running. Each call to this method will trigger the execution of
* {@link #onProgressUpdate} on the UI thread.
*
* {@link #onProgressUpdate} will not be called if the task has been
* canceled.
*
* @param values The progress values to update the UI with.
*
* @see #onProgressUpdate
* @see #doInBackground
*/
protected final void publishProgress(Progress... values) {
if (!isCancelled()) {
sHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS,
new AsyncTaskResult<Progress>(this, values)).sendToTarget();
}
}
mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
@Override
protected void done() {
try {
postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("An error occured while executing doInBackground()",
e.getCause());
} catch (CancellationException e) {
postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
}
}
};在AsyncTask中executeOnExecutor方法中最终所调用的其实是线程池THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR的execute（mFuture）。FutureTask继承了Runnable，线程池在执行时会调用它的run方法。run实现如下：
public void run() {
if (state != NEW ||
!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
null, Thread.currentThread()))
return;
try {
Callable<V> c = callable;
if (c != null && state == NEW) {
V result;
boolean ran;
try {
result = c.call();
ran = true;
} catch (Throwable ex) {
result = null;
ran = false;
setException(ex);
}
if (ran)
set(result);
}
} finally {
// runner must be non-null until state is settled to
// prevent concurrent calls to run()
runner = null;
// state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
// leaked interrupts
int s = state;
if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
}
} Callable<V> c = callable;
result = c.call();
不难看出里面调用了我们自己实现的，上面已经讲过得call方法。
在try方法块的最后有这么一段，调用了set方法：
if (ran)
set(result); /**
* Removes and signals all waiting threads, invokes done(), and
* nulls out callable.
*/
private void finishCompletion() {
// assert state > COMPLETING;
for (WaitNode q; (q = waiters) != null;) {
if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset, q, null)) {
for (;;) {
Thread t = q.thread;
if (t != null) {
q.thread = null;
LockSupport.unpark(t);
}
WaitNode next = q.next;
if (next == null)
break;
q.next = null; // unlink to help gc
q = next;
}
break;
}
}
done();
callable = null; // to reduce footprint
}再来重新回顾一下我们在done（）方法中做了什么：
protected void done() {
try {
postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("An error occured while executing doInBackground()",
e.getCause());
} catch (CancellationException e) {
postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
}
}先来看Future中的get（）方法：
/**
* @throws CancellationException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
int s = state;
if (s <= COMPLETING)
s = awaitDone(false, 0L);
return report(s);
}
/**
* Awaits completion or aborts on interrupt or timeout.
*
* @param timed true if use timed waits
* @param nanos time to wait, if timed
* @return state upon completion
*/
private int awaitDone(boolean timed, long nanos)
throws InterruptedException {
final long deadline = timed ? System.nanoTime() + nanos : 0L;
WaitNode q = null;
boolean queued = false;
for (;;) {
if (Thread.interrupted()) {
removeWaiter(q);
throw new InterruptedException();
}
int s = state;
if (s > COMPLETING) {
if (q != null)
q.thread = null;
return s;
}
else if (s == COMPLETING) // cannot time out yet
Thread.yield();
else if (q == null)
q = new WaitNode();
else if (!queued)
queued = UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset,
q.next = waiters, q);
else if (timed) {
nanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
if (nanos <= 0L) {
removeWaiter(q);
return state;
}
LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
}
else
LockSupport.park(this);
}
} /**
* Returns result or throws exception for completed task.
*
* @param s completed state value
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private V report(int s) throws ExecutionException {
Object x = outcome;
if (s == NORMAL)
return (V)x;
if (s >= CANCELLED)
throw new CancellationException();
throw new ExecutionException((Throwable)x);
}最终返回结果给我们在AsyncTask中实例化mFuture时重写的done方法中的postResultIfNotInvoked（result）方法
private void postResultIfNotInvoked(Result result) {
final boolean wasTaskInvoked = mTaskInvoked.get();
if (!wasTaskInvoked) {
postResult(result);
}
} private Result postResult(Result result) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Message message = sHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
message.sendToTarget();
return result;
}
到这里你一定很熟悉。是的，在mWorker中最后调用的也正是postResult方法。
那包括mWorker和mFuture中，handler发送了两次完成的消息么？
不是的。注意看：
mFuture执行的：
private void postResultIfNotInvoked(Result result) {
final boolean wasTaskInvoked = mTaskInvoked.get();
if (!wasTaskInvoked) {
postResult(result);
}
} mTaskInvoked.set(true);既然不会执行为什么还要设计出这样的逻辑结构呢？
好吧。。。。。想了半天没想出来= =。。希望有大神可以指导一下~
这样大致就完成了AsyncTask的一个基本的源码分析。遗留的一些问题将会在下一篇文章中做更多的讨论~
----------------------咯咯咯咯咯----------------------
关于文章中提到的两个问题：
1.AsyncTask实例化对象调用两次execute方法会报错
2.异步任务的执行为什么会是线性的顺序执行
将会在下一篇中为大家做一下分析~
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