C.Interface.And.Implementations—exception的实现

1、Three kinds of errors occur in programs: user errors, runtime errors, and exceptions.

2、Exceptions  occupy the middle ground between user errors and program bugs. An exception is an error that may           be rare and perhaps unexpected, but from which recovery may be possible.

3、In C, the standard library functions  setjmp  and longjmp form the basis for building a structured exception facility.          The short story is that setjmp  instantiates a handler and  longjmp raises an exception.

   （参考博文：setjmp和longjmp介绍）

4、TRY

           S

      EXCEPT(e1)

           S1

      EXCEPT(e2)

           S2

      ELSE

           S3

      FINALLY

           S4

      END TRY

      上面是异常处理的基本结构，其中TRY负责调用setjmp保存和初始化调回的位置环境，S如果执行抛出异常，会重新执行TRY，然后就是正常的捕捉exception，FINALLY是必须要执行的结构。

exception的实现程序，利用到了宏以及栈。栈用于保存抛出异常的保存，可能层层抛出异常。

======================except.h=================================

/* $Id: H:/drh/idioms/book/RCS/except.doc,v 1.10 1997/02/21 19:43:55 drh Exp $ */
#ifndef EXCEPT_INCLUDED
#define EXCEPT_INCLUDED
#include <setjmp.h>
#define T Except_T
typedef struct T {
	char *reason;
} T;
typedef struct Except_Frame Except_Frame;
struct Except_Frame {
	Except_Frame *prev;
	jmp_buf env;
	const char *file;
	int line;
	const T *exception;
};
enum { Except_entered=0, Except_raised,
       Except_handled,   Except_finalized };
#ifdef WIN32
__declspec(thread)
#endif
extern Except_Frame *Except_stack;
extern const Except_T Assert_Failed;
void Except_raise(const T *e, const char *file,int line);
#define RAISE(e) Except_raise(&(e), __FILE__, __LINE__)
#define RERAISE Except_raise(Except_frame.exception, \
	Except_frame.file, Except_frame.line)
#define RETURN switch (Except_stack = Except_stack->prev,0) default: return
#define TRY do { \
	volatile int Except_flag; \
	Except_Frame Except_frame; \
	Except_frame.prev = Except_stack; \
	Except_stack = &Except_frame;  \
	Except_flag = setjmp(Except_frame.env); \
	if (Except_flag == Except_entered) {
#define EXCEPT(e) \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) Except_stack = Except_stack->prev; \
	} else if (Except_frame.exception == &(e)) { \
		Except_flag = Except_handled;
#define ELSE \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) Except_stack = Except_stack->prev; \
	} else { \
		Except_flag = Except_handled;
#define FINALLY \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) Except_stack = Except_stack->prev; \
	} { \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) \
			Except_flag = Except_finalized;
#define END_TRY \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) Except_stack = Except_stack->prev; \
		} if (Except_flag == Except_raised) RERAISE; \
} while (0)
#undef T
#endif

==========================except.c============================

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "assert.h"
#include "except.h"
#define T Except_T
#ifdef WIN32
__declspec(thread)
#endif
Except_Frame *Except_stack = NULL;
void Except_raise(const T *e, const char *file,
	int line) {
	Except_Frame *p = Except_stack;
	assert(e);
	if (p == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Uncaught exception");
		if (e->reason)
			fprintf(stderr, " %s", e->reason);
		else
			fprintf(stderr, " at 0x%p", e);
		if (file && line > 0)
			fprintf(stderr, " raised at %s:%d\n", file, line);
		fprintf(stderr, "aborting...\n");
		fflush(stderr);
		abort();
	}
	p->exception = e;
	p->file = file;
	p->line = line;
	Except_stack = Except_stack->prev;
	longjmp(p->env, Except_raised);
}