装饰器模式

装饰器模式动态地将责任附加到对象上。想要扩展功能，装饰器提供于继承有别的另一种选择

java类图

java代码

// 饮料抽象类
public abstract class Beverage {

    protected String description = "Beverage";

    public String getDescription() {
        return description;
    }

    public abstract double cost();
}

// 烘焙咖啡
public class DarkRoast extends Beverage {

    public DarkRoast() {
        description = "Dark Roast Coffee";
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return 0.99;
    }
}

// 低咖啡因咖啡
public class Decaf extends Beverage {
    public Decaf() {
        description = "Decaf Coffee";
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return 1.05;
    }
}

// 浓缩咖啡
public class Espresso extends Beverage {
    public Espresso() {
        description = "Espresso Coffee";
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return 1.99;
    }
}

// 混合咖啡
public class HouseBlend extends Beverage {

    public HouseBlend() {
        description = "House Blend Coffee";
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return 0.89;
    }
}

// 配料装饰器
public abstract class CondimentDecorator extends Beverage {
    public abstract String getDescription();
}

// 牛奶配料
public class Milk extends CondimentDecorator {

    private Beverage beverage;

    public Milk(Beverage beverage) {
        this.beverage = beverage;
    }

    @Override
    public String getDescription() {
        return beverage.getDescription() + " ,Milk";
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return beverage.cost() + 0.1;
    }
}

// 摩卡配料
public class Mocha extends CondimentDecorator {

    private Beverage beverage;

    public Mocha(Beverage beverage) {
        this.beverage = beverage;
    }

    @Override
    public String getDescription() {
        return beverage.getDescription() + " ,Mocha";
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return beverage.cost() + 0.2;
    }
}

// 豆浆配料
public class Soy extends CondimentDecorator {
    private Beverage beverage;

    public Soy(Beverage beverage) {
        this.beverage = beverage;
    }

    @Override
    public String getDescription() {
        return beverage.getDescription() + " ,Soy";
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return beverage.cost() + 0.15;
    }
}

// 奶泡配料
public class Whip extends CondimentDecorator {
    private Beverage beverage;

    public Whip(Beverage beverage) {
        this.beverage = beverage;
    }

    @Override
    public String getDescription() {
        return beverage.getDescription() + " ,Whip";
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return beverage.cost() + 0.1;
    }
}

// 测试类
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Test().test();
    }

    private void test() {

        Beverage espresso = new Espresso();
        System.out.println(espresso.getDescription() + "  $" + espresso.cost());

        Beverage darkRoast = new DarkRoast();
        darkRoast = new Mocha(darkRoast);
        darkRoast = new Mocha(darkRoast);
        darkRoast = new Whip(darkRoast);
        System.out.println(darkRoast.getDescription() + "  $" + darkRoast.cost());

        Beverage houseBlend = new HouseBlend();
        houseBlend = new Soy(houseBlend);
        houseBlend = new Mocha(houseBlend);
        houseBlend = new Whip(houseBlend);
        System.out.println(houseBlend.getDescription() + "  $" + houseBlend.cost());
    }
}

注：

1. 装饰者模式意味着一群装饰者类，这些类用来包装具体组件。
2. 装饰者反映出被装饰者的类型（事实上，他们具有相同的类型，都经过接口或者继承实现）。
3. 装饰者可以在被装饰者的行为前面/或后面加上自己的行为，甚至将被装饰者的行为整个取代掉，而达到特定的目的。
4. 你可以用无数个装饰者包装一个组件。
5. 装饰者一般对组件的客户是透明的，除非客户程序依赖于组件的具体类型。
6. 装饰者会导致设计中出现许多小对象，如果过度使用，会让程序变得很复杂。

参考文章
Head First 设计模式