django---mixins模块及其GenericAPIView类源码分析

在简单分析mixins之前，我们先来简单看下如何使用？

简单使用

url配置如下：

url(r"books/$",views.BookView.as_view()),
url(r"bookdetail/(?P<pk>\d+)/$",views.BookViewDetail.as_view()),

model类解析，用来校验请求参数的

class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model=Book
        fields="__all__"

视图类
BookView是对book表的所有记录查询、增加某些数据记录
BookViewDetail是对book表单条数据的查询、修改、删除

from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics
class BookView(mixins.ListModelMixin,
               mixins.CreateModelMixin,
               generics.GenericAPIView):

    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)



class BookViewDetail(
    mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
    mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
    mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
    generics.GenericAPIView
):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers

    def get(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def put(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

我这里就不去测试了，直接简单分析源码，如果看测试结果可以去APIView、mixins、generics、HyperlinkedIdentityField了解

BookView类多重继承了mixins.ListModelMixin、 mixins.CreateModelMixin、generics.GenericAPIView，用来进行验证request请求，从而对book表的数据集合的查看、添加数据操作

BookViewDetail类，多重继承了mixins.RetrieveModelMixin、mixins.DestroyModelMixin、mixins.UpdateModelMixin,、 generics.GenericAPIView
用来进行验证request请求，从而对book表进行单条数据查看、修改、删除操作

我们先看mixins模块，该模块有如下几个类

class CreateModelMixin(object):增加
class ListModelMixin(object):展示数据列表
class RetrieveModelMixin(object):展示单条数据
class UpdateModelMixin(object):更新单条数据
class DestroyModelMixin(object):删除单条数据

在分析源码前，我们先来了解多重继承的一个知识点

class A:
    def a(self):
        print("A")
        self.b()
class B:
    def b(self):
        print("B")
class D(A,B):
    pass
d = D()
d.a()

会输出AB
类D多重继承AB,类D实例对象d.a()时候，如果在类A中找不到b()方法，它就会在多重继承的AB类中，横向寻找b方法，结果在类B中找到，然后输出

GenericAPIView类

我在APIView源码分析，分析了APIView的大概执行流程，我们先看下多重继承类中的generics.GenericAPIView，看看它跟APIView有何关联？点开源码，原来GenericAPIView类是APIView的子类，继而扩充了一些其他的方法，我举出如下几个方法

get_queryset:提供方法，用来获取request请求封装完毕的结果集
get_object：获取单条数据
get_serializer:获取序列化后的数据
get_serializer_class：获取需要序列化的model类
get_serializer_context：获取序列化的数据，定义了某种格式的字典
paginator：分页器

在BookView中依然按着APIView的执行流程，通过请求方式，诸如get\post等，当request发起请求时，调用dispatch然后执行某个get\post，我们自己定义好的入口类方法，

ListModelMixin分析

我们就以http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/(get方法)来举例，会执行如下代码：

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

该方法直接返回了self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)，
它会理所应当的去多重继承的父类中，去找寻方法，然后执行，跟踪代码会进入到ListModelMixin类

class ListModelMixin(object):
    """
    List a queryset.
    """
    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())

        page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset)
        if page is not None:
            serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
            return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)

        serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

ListModelMixin类list方法是获取了queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())，这个queryset是在GenericAPIView类中，我前面列举了一些该类的方法，
然后在判断是否分页，最后获取self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)序列化类，最后将序列化后的结果serializer.data作为返回return Response(serializer.data)返回即可

以上就是http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/(get方法)查询所有的记录

CreateModelMixin分析

对应BookView里面的post方法代码如下，流程大同小异
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/(post方法）添加记录

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)

跟进如下代码：

class CreateModelMixin(object):
    """
    Create a model instance.
    """
    def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        self.perform_create(serializer)
        headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)

    def perform_create(self, serializer):
        serializer.save()

    def get_success_headers(self, data):
        try:
            return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])}
        except (TypeError, KeyError):
            return {}

依然是从GenericAPIView多重继承类中获取序列化器，然后进行校验request请求的json数据或者form数据，然后进行serializer.save()
用户Token验证，并且通过return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])}保存一个临时头部数据，最后
将序列化的数据，响应状态码（201 Created:请求已经被实现）、头部一并返回即可

return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)

以上就是http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/(post方法)添加操作

RetrieveModelMixin分析

接下来简单看下单条数据的获取、更新、删除，先把视图代码贴出来

class BookViewDetail(
    mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
    mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
    mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
    generics.GenericAPIView
):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers

    def get(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
        ret = self.get_object()
        print("ret~~~~~~~~~", ret)
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def put(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

执行流程也是大同小异
获取单条数据时候，http://127.0.0.1:8000/bookdetail/7（get请求）
执行get方法也是从GenericAPIView多重继承类中获取get_object，然后进行序列化，最后 return Response(serializer.data)返回即可

class RetrieveModelMixin(object):
    """
    Retrieve a model instance.
    """
    def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        instance = self.get_object()
        serializer = self.get_serializer(instance)
        return Response(serializer.data)

UpdateModelMixin分析

接下来看下更新操作http://127.0.0.1:8000/bookdetail/7（put请求）

   def put(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

class UpdateModelMixin(object):
    """
    Update a model instance.
    """
    def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False)
        instance = self.get_object()
        serializer = self.get_serializer(instance, data=request.data, partial=partial)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        self.perform_update(serializer)

        if getattr(instance, '_prefetched_objects_cache', None):
            # If 'prefetch_related' has been applied to a queryset, we need to
            # forcibly invalidate the prefetch cache on the instance.
            instance._prefetched_objects_cache = {}

        return Response(serializer.data)

    def perform_update(self, serializer):
        serializer.save()

    def partial_update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        kwargs['partial'] = True
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

意思通过instance = self.get_object()获取要修改的数据，然后get_serializer拿到序列化器、进行请求数据合法校验、然后通过Token进行用户验证、然后将更新好的数据返回return Response(serializer.data)

DestroyModelMixin分析

接下来看下删除操作http://127.0.0.1:8000/bookdetail/7（delete删除请求）

    def delete(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)

class DestroyModelMixin(object):
    """
    Destroy a model instance.
    """
    def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        instance = self.get_object()
        self.perform_destroy(instance)
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)

    def perform_destroy(self, instance):
        instance.delete()

通过pk(或者其他标识)获取要删除的数据，然后instance.delete()删除，最后返回return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
HTTP 204(no content)表示响应执行成功,但没有数据返回,浏览器不用刷新

以上就是mixins模块源码分析

利用generics

我们还可以利用如下更简单的方式

from rest_framework import generics

class BookView(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers

class BookViewDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializers

我们就看BookView即可原来继承如下的类，进行了再次的封装，代码更精简

class ListCreateAPIView(mixins.ListModelMixin,
                        mixins.CreateModelMixin,
                        GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for listing a queryset or creating a model instance.
    """
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)