隐藏信息

1.通过私有构造器及工厂方法

class A private {

         private val leading:List[Int],

         ...

}

...

然后在伴生对象里调用该类,或者添加辅助构造器

def this() = this(Nil,Nil)

2.通过私有类

trait Queue[+T] {
	def head:T
	def tail:Queue[T]
	def append[U>:T](x:U):Queue[U]
}

object Queue {
	def apply[T](xs:T*):Queue[T] = new QueueImpl[T](xs.toList,Nil)
	private class QueueImpl[T] (
		private[QueueImpl] val leading:List[T],
		private[QueueImpl] val trailing:List[T] 
	)extends Queue[T]{
		def mirror = if(leading.isEmpty) new QueueImpl(trailing.reverse,Nil)
			else
				this
		def head:T = mirror.leading.head
		def tail:QueueImpl[T] = {
			val q = mirror
			new QueueImpl(q.leading.tail,q.trailing)
		}
		def append[U>:T](x:U) = 
			new QueueImpl(leading,x::trailing)
	}
}

记得在协变时,方法不可直接使用泛态变量,必须给定下界