红黑树

基于https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~jmor159/PLDS210/red_black.html整理

 

红黑树是个二叉搜索树,结点非黑即红

Red-black trees Trees which remain balanced - and thus guarantee O(logn) search times - in a dynamic environment. Or more importantly, since any tree can be re-balanced - but at considerable cost - can be re-balanced in O(logn) time.

红黑树的结构

 

//1.表示该结点是colour类型

//2.结点所在的数据地址

//3.左右或父结点

struct t_red_black_node {
    enum { red, black } colour;
    void *item;
    struct t_red_black_node *left,
                     *right,
                     *parent;
    }

红黑树的重要属性

 

A red-black tree is a binary search tree which has the following red-black properties:
1.Every node is either red or black.
2.Every leaf (NULL) is black.
3.If a node is red, then both its children are black.
4.Every simple path from a node to a descendant leaf contains the same number of black nodes.

implies that on any path from the root to a leaf, red nodes must not be adjacent. 
However, any number of black nodes may appear in a sequence.

添加和删除的操作均会破坏红黑树的平衡性

我们可以通过旋转或从新插入操作

旋转

 

left_rotate( Tree T, node x ) {
    node y;
    y = x->right;
    /* Turn y's left sub-tree into x's right sub-tree */
    x->right = y->left;
    if ( y->left != NULL )
        y->left->parent = x;
    /* y's new parent was x's parent */
    y->parent = x->parent;
    /* Set the parent to point to y instead of x */
    /* First see whether we're at the root */
    if ( x->parent == NULL ) T->root = y;
    else
        if ( x == (x->parent)->left )
            /* x was on the left of its parent */
            x->parent->left = y;
        else
            /* x must have been on the right */
            x->parent->right = y;
    /* Finally, put x on y's left */
    y->left = x;
    x->parent = y;
    }

Insertion

Insertion is somewhat complex and involves a number of cases. Note that we start by inserting the new node, x, in the tree just as we would for any other binary tree, using the tree_insert function. This new node is labelled red, and possibly destroys the red-black property. The main loop moves up the tree, restoring the red-black property.
rb_insert( Tree T, node x ) {
    /* Insert in the tree in the usual way */
    tree_insert( T, x );
    /* Now restore the red-black property */
    x->colour = red;
    while ( (x != T->root) && (x->parent->colour == red) ) {
       if ( x->parent == x->parent->parent->left ) {
           /* If x's parent is a left, y is x's right 'uncle' */
           y = x->parent->parent->right;
           if ( y->colour == red ) {
               /* case 1 - change the colours */
               x->parent->colour = black;
               y->colour = black;
               x->parent->parent->colour = red;
               /* Move x up the tree */
               x = x->parent->parent;
               }
           else {
               /* y is a black node */
               if ( x == x->parent->right ) {
                   /* and x is to the right */ 
                   /* case 2 - move x up and rotate */
                   x = x->parent;
                   left_rotate( T, x );
                   }
               /* case 3 */
               x->parent->colour = black;
               x->parent->parent->colour = red;
               right_rotate( T, x->parent->parent );
               }
           }
       else {
           /* repeat the "if" part with right and left
              exchanged */
           }
       }
    /* Colour the root black */
    T->root->colour = black;
    }