How Many Pieces of Land?
Input: Standard Input
Output: Standard Output
Time Limit: 3 seconds
You are given an elliptical shaped land and you are asked to choose n arbitrary points on its boundary. Then you connect all these points with one another with straight lines (that’s n*(n-1)/2 connections for n points). What is the maximum number of pieces of land you will get by choosing the points on the boundary carefully?
Fig: When the value of n is 6.
Input
The first line of the input file contains one integer S (0 < S < 3500), which indicates how many sets of input are there. The next S lines contain S sets of input. Each input contains one integer N (0<=N<2^31).
Output
For each set of input you should output in a single line the maximum number pieces of land possible to get for the value of N.
Sample Input:
41
2
3
4
Sample Output:
12
4
8
这个题在《入门经典》这本书里的做法是根据欧拉公式,V - E + F = 2。其中V是顶点数,包括所有顶点数和交点数,E是边数,包括椭圆弧和线段被交点分割成的段数,F是面数,包括题目所求和整个椭圆面这个大面。故题目所求 = E - V + 1。但是这样做一定会WA或TL,因为题目中对于输入的要求是3500个不大于2的31次方的数。因此这个题还有一个考点是高精度数的运算。同时网上有个本题的公式,C(n,4) + C(n,2) + 1。虽然无法推到和证明,但是还是可以理解这个公式的正确性的:
如果没有任何一个点,那么这个椭圆只有一个面——它本身。
每当有一条线(暂时不考虑相交),就会因为分割而多出一个面,n个点能组成C(n,2)条线,所以在原来的基础上加上这1 * C(n,2) = C(n,2)个面。
如果每条线都不与另外一条线相交,那么这样就是结果了,可惜的是,因为任意两点都要连线,故必定有相交,而每个相交又会导致多出一个面,而n个点有多少交线呢?n选2可以选出两个点构成一条线,n选4可以选择4个点,这四个点两两相连有且仅有一个交点(不考虑端点),因此n个点有1 * C(n,4) = C(n,4)个交点,导致多出C(n,4)个面。
因此最终的答案就是1 + C(n,2) + C(n,4)。
有了大数类,有了这个公式,这个题AC就不难了。如果像我一样结果看似“正确”但依然WA,就好好检查大数运算的类吧。提一下自己WA的原因:用Bign这个类的童鞋,这个公式是可以化简成(n * n - n * 5 + 18) * (n - 1) * n / 24 + 1的。但是我们写代码是不能这样写的,因为这个类无法减除负数来,所以当n在1-5之间的时候n * n - n * 5会计算出错误结果。改法就是写成n * n + 18 - n * 5……防止负数出现。
AC代码(0.132s):
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
const int maxn = 200;
struct Bign
{
int s[maxn];
size_t len;
Bign()
{
memset(s, 0, sizeof(s));
len = 1;
}
Bign(int num)
{
*this = num;
}
Bign(const char* num)
{
*this = num;
}
Bign operator = (const int num)
{
char s[maxn];
sprintf(s, "%d", num);
*this = s;
return *this;
}
Bign operator = (const char* num)
{
len = strlen(num);
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) s[i] = num[len - i - 1] - '0';
return *this;
}
///输出
string str() const
{
string res = "";
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
res = (char)(s[i] + '0') + res;
}
if (res == "") {
res = "0";
}
return res;
}
///去前导零
void clean()
{
while (len > 1 && !s[len - 1]) len--;
}
///加
Bign operator + (const Bign& b) const
{
Bign c;
c.len = 0;
for (int i = 0, g = 0; g || i < max(len, b.len); i++)
{
int x = g;
if (i < len) x += s[i];
if (i < b.len) x += b.s[i];
c.s[c.len++] = x % 10;
g = x / 10;
}
return c;
}
///减
Bign operator - (const Bign& b) const
{
Bign c;
c.len = 0;
for (int i = 0, g = 0; i < len; i++)
{
int x = s[i] - g;
if (i < b.len) x -= b.s[i];
if (x >= 0) g = 0;
else
{
g = 1;
x += 10;
}
c.s[c.len++] = x;
}
c.clean();
return c;
}
///乘
Bign operator * (const Bign& b) const
{
Bign c;
c.len = len + b.len;
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < b.len; j++)
c.s[i + j] += s[i] * b.s[j];
for (int i = 0; i < c.len - 1; i++)
{
c.s[i + 1] += c.s[i] / 10;
c.s[i] %= 10;
}
c.clean();
return c;
}
///除
Bign operator / (const Bign &b) const
{
Bign ret, cur = 0;
ret.len = len;
for (long i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
cur = cur * 10;
cur.s[0] = s[i];
while (cur >= b)
{
cur -= b;
ret.s[i]++;
}
}
ret.clean();
return ret;
}
///模、余
Bign operator % (const Bign &b) const
{
Bign c = *this / b;
return *this - c * b;
}
bool operator < (const Bign& b) const
{
if (len != b.len) return len < b.len;
for (long i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
if (s[i] != b.s[i]) return s[i] < b.s[i];
return false;
}
bool operator > (const Bign& b) const
{
return b < *this;
}
bool operator <= (const Bign& b) const
{
return !(b < *this);
}
bool operator >= (const Bign &b) const
{
return !(*this < b);
}
bool operator == (const Bign& b) const
{
return !(b < *this) && !(*this < b);
}
bool operator != (const Bign &a) const
{
return *this > a || *this < a;
}
Bign operator += (const Bign &a)
{
*this = *this + a;
return *this;
}
Bign operator -= (const Bign &a)
{
*this = *this - a;
return *this;
}
Bign operator *= (const Bign &a)
{
*this = *this * a;
return *this;
}
Bign operator /= (const Bign &a)
{
*this = *this / a;
return *this;
}
Bign operator %= (const Bign &a)
{
*this = *this % a;
return *this;
}
friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, Bign &num)
{
string s;
is >> s;
num = s.c_str();
return is;
}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Bign &num)
{
os << num.str();
return os;
}
};
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
Bign n;
int M;
cin >> M;
while (M--) {
cin >> n;
cout << (n * n + 18 - n * 5) * (n - 1) * n / 24 + 1 << endl;
}
return 0;
}