计算机发展简史

注： 机翻，未校对。

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When Was The First Computer Invented and Who Invented?

第一台计算机是什么时候发明的，是谁发明的？
Laelia Yang December 04, 2021 | 07:22
The computer is a modern device and popular nowadays! But, have you ever thought about when was the first computer invented and who invented it.

计算机是一种现代设备，现在很流行！但是，你有没有想过第一台计算机是什么时候发明的，是谁发明的？

Computers are far more than ultra-fast number-crunchers. Crucially, if given a new set of instructions, a computer’s processor and memory can – in principle, at least – do anything from word-processing to flying a plane.
计算机远不止是超快的数字运算器。至关重要的是，如果给定一组新的指令，计算机的处理器和内存至少原则上可以做任何事情，从文字处理到驾驶飞机。

What Is Computer? 什么是计算机？

The word compute is derived from the Latin word ‘computare’, meant “arithmetic, accounting”.
计算一词源自拉丁语 “computare”，意思是 “算术、会计”。

The Computer meaning is the digital device that stores information in memory using input devices and manipulating information to produce output according to given instructions.
计算机的含义是使用输入设备将信息存储在内存中并操纵信息以根据给定指令产生输出的数字设备。

The actual machinery, the physical parts of a computer system referred to as Computer hardware; the instruction (a program) that tells the computer what to do or how to do it, that is called Computer software (often called just software).
实际的机械，计算机系统的物理部分称为计算机硬件；告诉计算机做什么或如何做的指令（程序），称为计算机软件（通常简称为软件）。

Types of Computer, By Size 计算机类型，按大小

According to required services speed or efficiency, different types of computers are available in the market.
根据所需的服务速度或效率，市场上有不同类型的计算机。

・Super Computer: Large in size and more powerful. Used for large and complex calculations.
・超级计算机：体积大，功能更强大。用于大型和复杂的计算。

・Mainframe Computer: Mainframe computers are smaller than supercomputers. It has a large storage capacity and the capability to perform large calculations. Used in banks, educational institutions.
・大型计算机：大型计算机比超级计算机小。它具有较大的存储容量和执行大型计算的能力。用于银行、教育机构。

・Minicomputer: Minicomputers are multi-user which is mainly used by a small organization
・小型计算机：小型计算机是多用户，主要由小型组织使用

・Microcomputer: Microcomputer is defined as small size, inexpensive, easy to carry computer e.g. Laptop, tablets.
・微型计算机：微型计算机被定义为体积小、价格低廉、易于携带的计算机，例如笔记本电脑、平板电脑。

When was the first computer invented?

第一台计算机是什么时候发明的？

Photo: abcnews

There are several classifications of the computer that create confusion; there is no easy to find the answer to the first computer invention. In 1822, Charles Babbage created the first mechanical computer, which was not really considered to resemble the used computer today. Therefore, the description is below that explains the invention of the first computer.
计算机的几种分类容易造成混淆；要找到第一个计算机发明的答案并不容易。1822 年，查尔斯・巴贝奇 (Charles Babbage) 发明了第一台机械计算机，当时人们并不认为这台计算机与今天使用的计算机相似。下面的描述解释了第一台计算机的发明。

History of computers: A brief timeline

计算机发展简史

1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French merchant, and inventor invent a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.
1801 年：法国商人兼发明家约瑟夫・玛丽・提花（Joseph Marie Jacquard）发明了一种织机，该织机使用打孔木卡自动编织织物设计。早期的计算机会使用类似的打孔卡。

1821: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. Funded by the British government, the project, called the “Difference Engine” fails due to the lack of technology at the time, according to the University of Minnesota.
1821 年：英国数学家查尔斯・巴贝奇（Charles Babbage）构思了一种蒸汽驱动的计算机，能够计算数字表。据明尼苏达大学称，这个由英国政府资助的项目，由于当时缺乏技术而失败，被称为 “差异引擎”。

1848: Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician and the daughter of poet Lord Byron write the world’s first computer program. According to Anna Siffert, a professor of theoretical mathematics at the University of Münster in Germany, Lovelace writes the first program while translating a paper on Babbage’s Analytical Engine from French into English. "She also provides her own comments on the text. Her annotations, simply called"notes,“turn out to be three times as long as the actual transcript,” Siffert wrote in an article for The Max Planck Society. “Lovelace also adds a step-by-step description for computation of Bernoulli numbers with Babbage’s machine — basically an algorithm — which, in effect, makes her the world’s first computer programmer.” Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers often used in the computation.
1848 年：英国数学家、诗人拜伦勋爵的女儿艾达・洛夫莱斯（Ada Lovelace）编写了世界上第一个计算机程序。根据德国明斯特大学理论数学教授安娜・西弗特（Anna Siffert）的说法，洛夫莱斯在编写第一个程序时，将一篇关于巴贝奇分析引擎的论文从法语翻译成英语。“她还对案文发表了自己的评论。她的注释，简称为 “笔记”，结果是实际成绩单的三倍，“西弗特在马克斯・普朗克学会的一篇文章中写道。“洛夫莱斯还添加了使用巴贝奇的机器计算伯努利数的分步描述 —— 基本上是一种算法 —— 这实际上使她成为世界上第一位计算机程序员。伯努利数是计算中经常使用的有理数序列。

1853: Swedish inventor Per Georg Scheutz and his son Edvard design the world’s first printing calculator. The machine is significant for being the first to “compute tabular differences and print the results,” according to Uta C. Merzbach’s book, “Georg Scheutz and the First Printing Calculator” (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977).
1853 年：瑞典发明家 Per Georg Scheutz 和他的儿子 Edvard 设计了世界上第一台打印计算器。根据 Uta C. Merzbach 的著作 “Georg Scheutz and the First Printing Calculator”（史密森学会出版社，1977 年），这台机器是第一个 “计算表格差异并打印结果” 的机器。

1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch-card system to help calculate the 1890 U.S. Census. The machine saves the government several years of calculations, and the U.S. taxpayer approximately $5 million, according to Columbia University Hollerith later establishes a company that will eventually become International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
1890 年：Herman Hollerith 设计了一种打孔卡系统，以帮助计算 1890 年美国人口普查。根据哥伦比亚大学的说法，这台机器为政府节省了数年的计算时间，并为美国纳税人节省了大约 500 万美元，霍勒里斯后来建立了一家公司，最终成为国际商业机器公司（IBM）。

1931: At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Vannevar Bush invents and builds the Differential Analyzer, the first large-scale automatic general-purpose mechanical analog computer, according to Stanford University.
1931 年：在麻省理工学院 （MIT），Vannevar Bush 发明并制造了差分分析仪，这是斯坦福大学的第一台大型自动通用机械模拟计算机。

1936: Alan Turing, a British scientist, and mathematician, presents the principle of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, in a paper called “On Computable Numbers…” according to Chris Bernhardt’s book “Turing’s Vision” (The MIT Press, 2017). Turing machines are capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer is based on his ideas. Turing is later involved in the development of the Turing-Welchman Bombe, an electromechanical device designed to decipher Nazi codes during World War II, according to the UK’s National Museum of Computing.
1936 年：英国科学家和数学家艾伦・图灵 （Alan Turing） 在一篇名为 “论可计算数…” 的论文中提出了通用机器的原理，后来称为图灵机。根据克里斯・伯恩哈特（Chris Bernhardt）的著作《图灵的愿景》（麻省理工学院出版社，2017 年）。图灵机能够计算任何可计算的东西。现代计算机的核心概念是基于他的想法。据英国国家计算机博物馆称，图灵后来参与了图灵 - 韦尔奇曼炸弹的开发，这是一种旨在破译二战期间纳粹密码的机电设备。

1937: John Vincent Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, submits a grant proposal to build the first electric-only computer, without using gears, cams, belts or shafts.
1937 年：爱荷华州立大学物理和数学教授约翰・文森特・阿塔纳索夫（John Vincent Atanasoff）提交了一份拨款提案，以建造第一台不使用齿轮、凸轮、皮带或轴的纯电动计算机。

1939: David Packard and Bill Hewlett found the Hewlett Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. The pair decide the name of their new company by the toss of a coin, and Hewlett-Packard’s first headquarters are in Packard’s garage, according to MIT.
1939 年：David Packard 和 Bill Hewlett 在加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托创立了惠普公司。据麻省理工学院称，两人通过抛硬币来决定新公司的名称，惠普的第一个总部就在帕卡德的车库里。

1941: German inventor and engineer Konrad Zeuse complete his Z3 machine, the world’s earliest digital computer, according to Gerard O’Regan’s book “A Brief History of Computing” (Springer, 2021). The machine was destroyed during a bombing raid on Berlin during World War II. Zeuse fled the German capital after the defeat of Nazi Germany and later released the world’s first commercial digital computer, the Z4, in 1950, according to O’Regan.
1941 年：根据杰拉德・奥里根 （Gerard O’Regan） 的著作《计算简史》（Springer，2021 年），德国发明家和工程师康拉德・宙斯 （Konrad Zeuse） 完成了他的 Z3 机器，这是世界上最早的数字计算机。这台机器在第二次世界大战期间对柏林的轰炸中被摧毁。据奥里根说，宙斯在纳粹德国战败后逃离了德国首都，后来在 1950 年发布了世界上第一台商用数字计算机 Z4。

1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design the first digital electronic computer in the U.S., called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory and is capable of performing one operation every 15 seconds, according to the book “Birthing the Computer” (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016)
1941 年：Atanasoff 和他的研究生 Clifford Berry 设计了美国第一台数字电子计算机，称为 Atanasoff-Berry 计算机 （ABC）。根据《诞生计算机》（剑桥学者出版社，2016 年）一书，这标志着计算机首次能够在其主内存上存储信息，并且能够每 15 秒执行一次操作

1945: Two professors at the University of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, design and build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). The machine is the first “automatic, general-purpose, electronic, decimal, digital computer,” according to Edwin D. Reilly’s book “Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology” (Greenwood Press, 2003).
1945 年：宾夕法尼亚大学的两位教授 John Mauchly 和 J. Presper Eckert 设计并制造了电子数值积分器和计算器 （ENIAC）。根据埃德温・赖利（Edwin D. Reilly）的著作《计算机科学和信息技术的里程碑》（格林伍德出版社，2003 年），该机器是第一台 “自动，通用，电子，十进制，数字计算机”。

1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and government applications.
1946 年：Mauchly 和 Presper 离开宾夕法尼亚大学，从人口普查局获得资金，建造了 UNIVAC，这是第一台用于商业和政府应用的商用计算机。

1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. They discover how to make an electric switch with solid materials and without the need for a vacuum.
1947 年：贝尔实验室的 William Shockley、John Bardeen 和 Walter Brattain 发明了晶体管。他们发现了如何用固体材料制作电气开关，而不需要真空。

1949: A team at the University of Cambridge develops the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), “the first practical stored-program computer,” according to O’Regan. “EDSAC ran its first program in May 1949 when it calculated a table of squares and a list of prime numbers,” O’Regan wrote. In November 1949, scientists with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), now called CSIRO, build Australia’s first digital computer called the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Automatic Computer (CSIRAC). CSIRAC is the first digital computer in the world to play music, according to O’Regan.
1949 年：剑桥大学的一个团队开发了电子延迟存储自动计算器 （EDSAC），根据 O’Regan 的说法，这是 “第一台实用的存储程序计算机”。“EDSAC 在 1949 年 5 月运行了它的第一个程序，当时它计算了一个平方表和一个质数列表，”O’Regan 写道。1949 年 11 月，科学与工业研究委员会 （CSIR）（现称为 CSIRO）的科学家建造了澳大利亚第一台数字计算机，称为科学与工业研究自动计算机委员会 （CSIRAC）。根据 O’Regan 的说法，CSIRAC 是世界上第一台播放音乐的数字计算机。

1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL, which stands for COmmon, Business-Oriented Language according to the National Museum of American History. Hopper is later dubbed the “First Lady of Software” in her posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom citation. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during the war.
1953 年：格蕾丝・霍珀 （Grace Hopper） 开发了第一种计算机语言，最终被称为 COBOL，根据美国国家历史博物馆的说法，它代表 COMMON，即面向商业的语言。霍珀后来在她死后被授予总统自由勋章，被称为 “软件第一夫人”。IBM 首席执行官 Thomas Johnson Watson Sr. 的儿子 Thomas Johnson Watson Jr. 构思了 IBM 701 EDPM，以帮助联合国在战争期间密切关注朝鲜问题。

1954: John Backus and his team of programmers at IBM published a paper describing their newly created FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, according to MIT.
1954 年：John Backus 和他在 IBM 的程序员团队发表了一篇论文，描述了他们新创建的 FORTRAN 编程语言，根据麻省理工学院的说法，这是 FORmula TRANslation 的首字母缩写。

1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby is later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work.
1958 年：杰克・基尔比（Jack Kilby）和罗伯特・诺伊斯（Robert Noyce）推出了集成电路，即计算机芯片。基尔比后来因其工作而获得诺贝尔物理学奖。

1968: Douglas Engelbart reveals a prototype of the modern computer at the Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco. His presentation, called “A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect” includes a live demonstration of his computer, including a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI), according to the Doug Engelbart Institute. This marks the development of the computer from a specialized machine for academics to a technology that is more accessible to the general public.
1968 年：道格拉斯・恩格尔巴特（Douglas Engelbart）在旧金山秋季联合计算机会议上展示了现代计算机的原型。据道格・恩格尔巴特研究所（Doug Engelbart Institute）称，他的演讲名为 “增强人类智力的研究中心”，包括他的计算机的现场演示，包括鼠标和图形用户界面（GUI）。这标志着计算机从学术专用机器发展为公众更容易获得的技术。

1969: Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and a group of other developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system that made “large-scale networking of diverse computing systems — and the internet — practical,” according to Bell Labs. The team behind UNIX continued to develop the operating system using the C programming language, which they also optimized.
1969 年：Ken Thompson、Dennis Ritchie 和贝尔实验室的其他开发人员开发了 UNIX，根据贝尔实验室的说法，这种操作系统使 “各种计算系统和互联网的大规模网络变得实用”。UNIX 背后的团队继续使用 C 编程语言开发操作系统，他们也对其进行了优化。

1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip.
1970 年：新成立的英特尔推出了英特尔 1103，这是第一款动态存取存储器 （DRAM） 芯片。

1971: A team of IBM engineers led by Alan Shugart invents the “floppy disk,” enabling data to be shared among different computers.
1971 年：由 Alan Shugart 领导的 IBM 工程师团队发明了 “软盘”，使数据能够在不同的计算机之间共享。

1972: Ralph Baer, a German-American engineer, releases Magnavox Odyssey, the world’s first home game console, in September 1972, according to the Computer Museum of America. Months later, entrepreneur Nolan Bushnell and engineer Al Alcorn with Atari release Pong, the world’s first commercially successful video game.
1972 年：据美国计算机博物馆称，德裔美国工程师 Ralph Baer 于 1972 年 9 月发布了世界上第一台家用游戏机 Magnavox Odyssey。几个月后，企业家诺兰・布什内尔（Nolan Bushnell）和工程师阿尔・奥尔康（Al Alcorn）与雅达利（Atari）一起发布了 Pong，这是世界上第一款在商业上取得成功的视频游戏。

1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops an Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware.
1973 年：施乐公司的研究人员罗伯特・梅特卡夫 （Robert Metcalfe） 开发了一种用于连接多台计算机和其他硬件的以太网。

1977: The Commodore Personal Electronic Transactor (PET), is released onto the home computer market, featuring a MOS Technology 8-bit 6502 microprocessor, which controls the screen, keyboard, and cassette player. The PET is especially successful in the education market, according to O’Regan.
1977 年：Commodore Personal Electronic Transactor （PET） 在家用电脑市场发布，采用 MOS Technology 8 位 6502 微处理器，可控制屏幕、键盘和盒式磁带播放器。根据 O’Regan 的说法，PET 在教育市场上特别成功。

1975: The magazine cover of the January issue of “Popular Electronics” highlights the Altair 8080 as the “world’s first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models.” After seeing the magazine issue, two “computer geeks,” Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft.
1975 年：《大众电子》1 月刊的杂志封面将 Altair 8080 强调为 “世界上第一款可与商用型号相媲美的小型计算机套件”。在看到这期杂志后，两位 “计算机极客” 保罗・艾伦和比尔・盖茨提出使用新的 BASIC 语言为 Altair 编写软件。4 月 4 日，在第一次尝试成功后，这两个儿时的朋友成立了自己的软件公司 Microsoft。

1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co-found Apple Computer on April Fool’s Day. They unveil Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board and ROM (Read Only Memory), according to MIT.
1976 年：史蒂夫・乔布斯（Steve Jobs）和史蒂夫・沃兹尼亚克（Steve Wozniak）在愚人节共同创立了苹果电脑公司。据麻省理工学院称，他们推出了 Apple I，这是第一台配备单电路板和 ROM（只读存储器）的计算机。

1977: Radio Shack began its initial production run of 3,000 TRS-80 Model 1 computers — disparagingly known as the “Trash 80” — priced at $599, according to the National Museum of American History. Within a year, the company took 250,000 orders for the computer, according to the book “How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution” (The Seeker Books, 2007).
1977 年：根据美国国家历史博物馆的数据，Radio Shack 开始首次生产 3,000 台 TRS-80 Model 1 计算机 —— 被轻蔑地称为 “Trash 80”—— 售价为 599 美元。根据《TRS-80 爱好者如何帮助引发 PC 革命》（The Seeker Books，2007 年）一书，该公司在一年内接受了 250,000 份计算机订单。

1977: The first West Coast Computer Faire is held in San Francisco. Jobs and Wozniak present the Apple II computer at the Faire, which includes color graphics and features an audio cassette drive for storage.
1977 年：第一届西海岸计算机博览会在旧金山举行。乔布斯和沃兹尼亚克在博览会上展示了 Apple II 电脑，其中包括彩色图形，并具有用于存储的录音带驱动器。

1978: VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet program is introduced.
1978 年：推出第一个计算机化电子表格程序 VisiCalc。

1979: MicroPro International, founded by software engineer Seymour Rubenstein, releases WordStar, the world’s first commercially successful word processor. WordStar is programmed by Rob Barnaby and includes 137,000 lines of code, according to Matthew G. Kirschenbaum’s book “Track Changes: A Literary History of Word Processing” (Harvard University Press, 2016).
1979 年：由软件工程师 Seymour Rubenstein 创立的 MicroPro International 发布了世界上第一款商业上成功的文字处理器 WordStar。WordStar 由 Rob Barnaby 编程，包括 137,000 行代码，根据 Matthew G. Kirschenbaum 的著作 “Track Changes： A Literary History of Word Processing”（哈佛大学出版社，2016 年）。

1981: “Acorn,” IBM’s first personal computer, is released onto the market at a price point of $1,565, according to IBM. Acorn uses the MS-DOS operating system from Windows. Optional features include a display, printer, two diskette drives, extra memory, a game adapter, and more.
1981 年：据 IBM 称，IBM 的第一台个人电脑 “Acorn” 以 1,565 美元的价格投放市场。Acorn 使用 Windows 的 MS-DOS 操作系统。可选功能包括显示器、打印机、两个软盘驱动器、额外的内存、游戏适配器等。

1983: The Apple Lisa, standing for “Local Integrated Software Architecture” but also the name of Steve Jobs’ daughter, according to the National Museum of American History (NMAH), is the first personal computer to feature a GUI. The machine also includes a drop-down menu and icons. Also this year, the Gavilan SC is released and is the first portable computer with a flip-form design and the very first to be sold as a “laptop.”
1983 年：根据美国国家历史博物馆 （NMAH） 的说法，Apple Lisa 代表 “本地集成软件架构”，也是史蒂夫・乔布斯女儿的名字，是第一台具有 GUI 的个人电脑。该机器还包括一个下拉菜单和图标。同样在今年，Gavilan SC 发布，它是第一款采用翻转式设计的便携式计算机，也是第一款作为 “笔记本电脑” 出售的便携式计算机。

1984: The Apple Macintosh is announced to the world during a Superbowl advertisement. The Macintosh is launched with a retail price of $2,500, according to the NMAH.
1984 年：Apple Macintosh 在超级碗广告中向全世界宣布。根据 NMAH 的数据，Macintosh 的零售价为 2,500 美元。

1985: As a response to the Apple Lisa’s GUI, Microsoft releases Windows in November 1985, the Guardian reported. Meanwhile, Commodore announces the Amiga 1000.
1985 年：据《卫报》报道，作为对 Apple Lisa 的 GUI 的回应，Microsoft 于 1985 年 11 月发布了 Windows。与此同时，Commodore 宣布推出 Amiga 1000。

1989: Tim Berners-Lee, a British researcher at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), submits his proposal for what would become the World Wide Web. His paper details his ideas for HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the building blocks of the Web.
1989 年：欧洲核子研究组织（CERN）的英国研究员蒂姆・伯纳斯 - 李（Tim Berners-Lee）提交了关于万维网的提案。他的论文详细介绍了他对超文本标记语言（HTML）的想法，超文本标记语言是 Web 的构建块。

1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs.
1993 年：奔腾微处理器推动了 PC 上图形和音乐的使用。

1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page developed the Google search engine at Stanford University.
1996 年：谢尔盖・布林（Sergey Brin）和拉里・佩奇（Larry Page）在斯坦福大学开发了 Google 搜索引擎。

1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which at the time is struggling financially. This investment ends an ongoing court case in which Apple accused Microsoft of copying its operating system.
1997 年：Microsoft 向苹果公司投资 1.5 亿美元，当时苹果公司正陷入财务困境。这项投资结束了正在进行的法庭案件，苹果指控 Microsoft 抄袭其操作系统。

1999: Wi-Fi, the abbreviated term for “wireless fidelity” is developed, initially covering a distance of up to 300 feet (91 meters) Wired reported.
1999 年：Wi-Fi（“无线保真度” 的缩写）被开发出来，最初覆盖的距离可达 300 英尺（91 米）。

2001: Mac OS X, later renamed OS X then simply macOS, is released by Apple as the successor to its standard Mac Operating System. OS X goes through 16 different versions, each with “10” as its title, and the first nine iterations are nicknamed after big cats, with the first being codenamed “Cheetah,” TechRadar reported.
2001 年：Mac OS X，后来更名为 OS X，然后简称为 macOS，由 Apple 发布，作为其标准 Mac 操作系统的继任者。据 TechRadar 报道，OS X 经历了 16 个不同的版本，每个版本的标题都是 “10”，前九个版本以大型猫科动物的名字命名，第一个代号为 “猎豹”。

2003: AMD’s Athlon 64, the first 64-bit processor, is released to customers.
2003 年：AMD 的 Athlon 64，第一款 64 位处理器，向客户发布。

2004: The Mozilla Corporation launches Mozilla Firefox 1.0. The Web browser is one of the first major challenges to Internet Explorer, owned by Microsoft. During its first five years, Firefox exceeded a billion downloads by users, according to the Web Design Museum.
2004 年：Mozilla 公司推出 Mozilla Firefox 1.0。Web 浏览器是 Microsoft 拥有的 Internet Explorer 面临的首要挑战之一。根据网页设计博物馆的数据，在最初的五年里，Firefox 的用户下载量超过了 10 亿次。

2005: Google buys Android, a Linux-based mobile phone operating system
2005 年：Google 收购了基于 Linux 的手机操作系统 Android

2006: The MacBook Pro from Apple hits the shelves. The Pro is the company’s first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer.
2006 年：Apple 的 MacBook Pro 上架。Pro 是该公司首款基于英特尔的双核移动计算机。

2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7 on July 22. The new operating system features the ability to pin applications to the taskbar, scatter windows away by shaking another window, easy-to-access jumplists, easier previews of tiles, and more, TechRadar reported.
2009 年：Microsoft 于 7 月 22 日推出 Windows 7。据 TechRadar 报道，新的操作系统具有将应用程序固定到任务栏的能力，通过摇晃另一个窗口来分散窗口，易于访问的跳转列表，更轻松的磁贴预览等等。

2010: The iPad, Apple’s flagship handheld tablet, is unveiled.
2010 年：Apple 的旗舰手持平板电脑 iPad 问世。

2011: Google releases the Chromebook, which runs on Google Chrome OS.
2011 年：Google 发布了 Chromebook，可在 Google Chrome OS 上运行。

2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.
2015 年：Apple 发布 Apple Watch。Microsoft 发布 Windows 10。

2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. “Until now, there hasn’t been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms into their system. They’re usually each tailored to attack a particular algorithm,” said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.
2016 年：第一台可重编程的量子计算机诞生。“到目前为止，还没有任何量子计算平台能够将新算法编程到他们的系统中。它们通常都是为攻击特定算法而量身定制的，“该研究的主要作者、马里兰大学帕克分校的量子物理学家和光学工程师 Shantanu Debnath 说。

2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new “Molecular Informatics” program that uses molecules as computers. “Chemistry offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable information storage and processing,” Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA’s Defense Sciences Office, said in a statement. “Millions of molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique three-dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even color. This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital architectures.”
2017 年：美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）正在开发一种新的 “分子信息学” 程序，该程序使用分子作为计算机。“化学提供了一组丰富的特性，我们可以利用这些特性进行快速，可扩展的信息存储和处理，”DARPA 国防科学办公室项目经理 Anne Fischer 在一份声明中说。“存在数以百万计的分子，每个分子都有独特的三维原子结构以及形状、大小甚至颜色等变量。这种丰富性为探索新颖和多值的编码和处理数据提供了广阔的设计空间，超越了当前基于逻辑的数字架构的 0 和 1。

What is the first computer ever made in history?

Compter has become one of the essential devices in daily affairs. Have you ever wondered about the history of the computer? What is the first …

Compter 已成为日常事务中必不可少的设备之一。你有没有想过计算机的历史？第一个是什么…

When was first used the “computer” word?

“计算机” 这个词是什么时候首次使用的？

In 1613, the word computer was used for the first time by Richard Braithwaite in the book named The Yong Mans Gleanings. Until the 19th century, the definition of a computer was the same, when the industrial revolution created machines. These machines had the main purpose of calculating.

1613 年，理查德・布雷思韦特（Richard Braithwaite）在《永芒拾穗》（The Yong Mans Gleanings）一书中首次使用了计算机一词。直到 19 世纪，当工业革命创造机器时，计算机的定义是相同的。这些机器的主要目的是计算。

Who invented the computer?

谁发明了计算机？

Photo: howstuffworks

Credit for being the first to consider building so versatile a device goes to the British mathematician Charles Babbage, who in 1834 began drawing up plans for what he called the ‘analytical engine’. His dream was to create a device whose gears, rods, and wheels could be arranged – programmed – to perform a myriad of tasks from solving equations to composing music. Sadly, only a fragment of this Victorian engineering miracle was ever completed.
英国数学家查尔斯・巴贝奇（Charles Babbage）是第一个考虑建造如此通用的设备的人，他于 1834 年开始为他所谓的 “分析引擎” 制定计划。他的梦想是创造一种设备，其齿轮、杆和轮子可以排列 —— 编程 —— 以执行从求解方程式到作曲的无数任务。可悲的是，这个维多利亚时代的工程奇迹只完成了一部分。

It took another 100 years before another British mathematician, Alan Turing, revived the idea of a ‘universal machine’ and investigated its theoretical powers. During WWII, his code-breaking colleagues at Bletchley Park exploited some of these powers. Their electronic device was called Colossus, and it broke Hitler’s most secret ciphers.
又过了 100 年，另一位英国数学家艾伦・图灵（Alan Turing）才恢复了 “通用机器” 的概念，并研究了它的理论力量。二战期间，他在布莱切利公园（Bletchley Park）的密码破译同事利用了其中一些力量。他们的电子设备被称为巨像，它破解了希特勒最秘密的密码。

Historians still argue about who built the first genuine computer, but it’s generally agreed that engineers in the US and Britain both succeeded in creating electronic machines embodying Babbage’s dream by the late 1940s.
历史学家仍在争论谁制造了第一台真正的计算机，但人们普遍认为，美国和英国的工程师在 1940 年代后期都成功地制造了体现巴贝奇梦想的电子机器。

Who was the first computer programmer?

谁是第一位计算机程序员？

Photo: Youtube

The first computer programmer is believed to be Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician, and writer, known for her work on Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
第一位计算机程序员被认为是英国数学家和作家 Ada Lovelace，她以研究查尔斯・巴贝奇的分析引擎而闻名。

The daughter of poet Lord Byron showed interest in mathematics and logic from an early age.
诗人拜伦勋爵的女儿从小就对数学和逻辑感兴趣。

Her mother, Lady Anne Isabella Milbanke Byron hired tutors to educate her in science and math, an unusual education for women at the time.
她的母亲安妮・伊莎贝拉・米尔班克・拜伦夫人（Lady Anne Isabella Milbanke Byron）聘请了家庭教师来教育她科学和数学，这对当时的女性来说是一种不寻常的教育。

Ada was the first to recognize that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and to have published the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine.
Ada 是第一个认识到该机器具有超越纯计算的应用的人，并发布了第一个旨在由这种机器执行的算法。

What was the first laptop?

第一台笔记本电脑是什么？

Photo: businessinsider

The first laptop was the Epson HX-20 (HC-20/HX-20). It was launched in Japan in 1981 and released internationally in 1982. It weighed just 1.6 kg and was about the size of an A4 piece of paper, which formed a key part of the marketing campaign.
第一台笔记本电脑是爱普生 HX-20（HC-20 / HX-20）。它于 1981 年在日本推出，并于 1982 年在国际上发布。它仅重 1.6 公斤，大约有一张 A4 纸那么大，这构成了营销活动的关键部分。

The Epson HX-20 had a 120 × 32-pixel LCD screen, capable of displaying 4 lines of 20 characters, and ran on battery power that lasted a staggering 50 hours! It even featured a built-in, calculator-style roll printer. However, it was not in the flip-form “clamshell” laptop shape we are accustomed to and instead came with a travel case.
爱普生 HX-20 有一个 120 × 32 像素的 LCD 屏幕，能够显示 4 行 20 个字符，并且电池供电持续了惊人的 50 小时！它甚至还配备了内置的计算器式卷筒打印机。然而，它不是我们习惯的翻盖式 “翻盖式” 笔记本电脑形状，而是带有一个旅行箱。

Who invented the laptop?

谁发明了笔记本电脑？

Adam Osborne built the first laptop in 1981 and named it “Osborne 1.” Back then, it was priced at nearly $2,000 and came with a small built-in computer screen.
亚当・奥斯本（Adam Osborne）于 1981 年制造了第一台笔记本电脑，并将其命名为 “奥斯本 1 号”。当时，它的价格接近 2,000 美元，并配备了一个小的内置电脑屏幕。

What is the first modern computer in the world? 世界上第一台现代计算机是什么？

Created in 1943, the ENIAC computing system was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the campus of the University of Pennsylvania. Since it was the first computer to use electronic technology, it was nearly 1,000 times faster than previous computers. It weighed nearly 50 tons as it used 18,000 vacuum tubes.
ENIAC 计算系统创建于 1943 年，由 J. Presper Eckert 和 John Mauchly 在宾夕法尼亚大学校园内开发。由于它是第一台使用电子技术的计算机，因此它比以前的计算机快了近 1,000 倍。它重近 50 吨，使用了 18,000 个真空管。

The first computer by another computer company

另一家计算机公司的第一台计算机

Toshiba: The TAC digital computer was the first computer released by Toshiba in 1954.

东芝：TAC 数字计算机是东芝于 1954 年发布的第一台计算机。

Hewlett Packard: The HP-2115, its first computer, was introduced in 1966.

惠普：HP-2115 是它的第一台计算机，于 1966 年推出。

Dell: The Turbo PC was the first computer released by Dell in 1985.

戴尔：Turbo PC 是戴尔于 1985 年发布的第一台计算机。

Compaq: The Compaq Portable was released in March 1983. It was the first computer introduced by Compaq and a fully IBM-compatible computer.

Compaq：Compaq Portable 于 1983 年 3 月发布。它是康柏推出的第一台计算机，也是一台完全兼容 IBM 的计算机。

Commodore: The Commodore PET was the first computer of Commodore that was released in 1977.

Commodore：Commodore PET 是 Commodore 的第一台计算机，于 1977 年发布。

NEC: The NEAC 1101 was the first computer released by NEC in 1958.

NEC：NEAC 1101 是 NEC 于 1958 年发布的第一台计算机。

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• When Was The First Computer Invented and Who Invented? |by Laelia Yang December 04, 2021 | 07:22