万维网简史及早期网络社区产生的超出技术领域的革命性想法

注:机翻,未校。


History of the Web

Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
蒂姆・伯纳斯 - 李爵士(Sir Tim Berners-Lee)于 1989 年发明了万维网。


图片来源:© CERN

Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. He was born in London, and his parents were early computer scientists, working on one of the earliest computers.
蒂姆・伯纳斯 - 李爵士(Sir Tim Berners-Lee)是英国计算机科学家。他出生于伦敦,他的父母是早期的计算机科学家,在最早的计算机之一上工作。

Growing up, Sir Tim was interested in trains and had a model railway in his bedroom. He recalls:
从小到大,蒂姆爵士对火车很感兴趣,他的卧室里有一条铁路模型。他回忆说:

“I made some electronic gadgets to control the trains. Then I ended up getting more interested in electronics than trains. Later on, when I was in college I made a computer out of an old television set.”
“我做了一些电子产品来控制火车。然后,我最终对电子产品比对火车更感兴趣。后来,当我上大学时,我用一台旧电视机做了一台电脑。

After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a software engineer at CERN, the large particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. Scientists come from all over the world to use its accelerators, but Sir Tim noticed that they were having difficulty sharing information.
从牛津大学毕业后,Berners-Lee 成为了瑞士日内瓦附近的大型粒子物理实验室 CERN 的一名软件工程师。来自世界各地的科学家都来使用其加速器,但蒂姆爵士注意到他们在分享信息方面遇到了困难。

“In those days, there was different information on different computers, but you had to log on to different computers to get at it. Also, sometimes you had to learn a different program on each computer. Often it was just easier to go and ask people when they were having coffee…”, Tim says.
“在那些日子里,不同的计算机上有不同的信息,但你必须登录到不同的计算机才能获得它。此外,有时您必须在每台计算机上学习不同的程序。通常,去问问人们什么时候喝咖啡更容易…“蒂姆说。

Tim thought he saw a way to solve this problem – one that he could see could also have much broader applications. Already, millions of computers were being connected together through the fast-developing internet and Berners-Lee realised they could share information by exploiting an emerging technology called hypertext.
蒂姆认为他看到了解决这个问题的方法 —— 他可以看到这种方法也可以有更广泛的应用。数以百万计的计算机已经通过快速发展的互联网连接在一起,伯纳斯 - 李意识到他们可以通过利用一种称为超文本的新兴技术来共享信息。

In March 1989, Tim laid out his vision for what would become the web in a document called “Information Management: A Proposal”. Believe it or not, Tim’s initial proposal was not immediately accepted. In fact, his boss at the time, Mike Sendall, noted the words “Vague but exciting” on the cover. The web was never an official CERN project, but Mike managed to give Tim time to work on it in September 1990. He began work using a NeXT computer, one of Steve Jobs’ early products.
1989 年 3 月,Tim 在一份名为 “Information Management: A Proposal” 的文档中阐述了他对 Web 的愿景。信不信由你,蒂姆最初的提议并没有立即被接受。事实上,他当时的老板迈克・森德尔(Mike Sendall)注意到封面上 “含糊不清但令人兴奋” 的字样。网络从来都不是欧洲核子研究中心的官方项目,但迈克在 1990 年 9 月设法给了蒂姆时间来做这个项目。他开始使用 NeXT 计算机工作,这是史蒂夫・乔布斯(Steve Jobs)的早期产品之一。

<img src=https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20230724024159.png?origin_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwebf2.wpenginepowered.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F05%2FTBL-proposal.jpg&pos_id=img-0wfSAqmJ-1723492916378) width=“70%” />
Tim’s original proposal. Image: CERN

By October of 1990, Tim had written the three fundamental technologies that remain the foundation of today’s web (and which you may have seen appear on parts of your web browser):
到 1990 年 10 月,Tim 已经编写了三种基本技术,这些技术仍然是当今 Web 的基础(您可能已经看到它们出现在 Web 浏览器的某些部分):

  • HTML: HyperText Markup Language. The markup (formatting) language for the web.
    HTML:超文本标记语言。Web 的标记(格式设置)语言。
  • URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of “address” that is unique and used to identify to each resource on the web. It is also commonly called a URL.
    URI:统一资源标识符。一种唯一的 “地址”,用于识别网络上的每个资源。它通常也称为 URL。
  • HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of linked resources from across the web.
    HTTP:超文本传输协议。允许从整个 Web 中检索链接的资源。

Tim also wrote the first web page editor/browser (“WorldWideWeb.app”) and the first web server (“httpd“). By the end of 1990, the first web page was served on the open internet, and in 1991, people outside of CERN were invited to join this new web community.
Tim 还编写了第一个网页编辑器 / 浏览器(“WorldWideWeb.app”)和第一个 Web 服务器(“httpd”)。到 1990 年底,第一个网页在开放的互联网上提供,1991 年,欧洲核子研究中心以外的人被邀请加入这个新的网络社区。

As the web began to grow, Tim realised that its true potential would only be unleashed if anyone, anywhere could use it without paying a fee or having to ask for permission.
随着网络开始发展,Tim 意识到,只有当任何人、任何地方都可以使用它而无需支付费用或无需征得许可时,它的真正潜力才会得到释放。

He explains: “Had the technology been proprietary, and in my total control, it would probably not have taken off. You can’t propose that something be a universal space and at the same time keep control of it.”
他解释说:“如果这项技术是专有的,并且完全由我控制,它可能不会起飞。你不能建议某物成为一个普遍的空间,同时又保持对它的控制。

So, Tim and others advocated to ensure that CERN would agree to make the underlying code available on a royalty-free basis, forever. This decision was announced in April 1993, and sparked a global wave of creativity, collaboration and innovation never seen before. In 2003, the companies developing new web standards committed to a Royalty Free Policy for their work. In 2014, the year we celebrated the web’s 25th birthday, almost two in five people around the world were using it.
因此,Tim 和其他人主张确保 CERN 同意永远在免版税的基础上提供底层代码。这一决定于 1993 年 4 月宣布,引发了前所未有的全球创造力、协作和创新浪潮。2003 年,制定新 Web 标准的公司承诺对其工作实施免版税政策。2014 年,也就是我们庆祝网络诞生 25 周年的那一年,全球几乎五分之二的人在使用它。

Tim moved from CERN to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1994 to found the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international community devoted to developing open web standards. He remains the Director of W3C to this day.
Tim 于 1994 年从 CERN 转到麻省理工学院,创立了万维网联盟 (W3C),这是一个致力于开发开放 Web 标准的国际社区。时至今日,他仍是 W3C 的董事。

超出技术领域的革命性想法

The early web community produced some revolutionary ideas that are now spreading far beyond the technology sector:
早期的网络社区产生了一些革命性的想法,这些想法现在已经远远超出了技术领域:

  • Decentralisation: No permission is needed from a central authority to post anything on the web, there is no central controlling node, and so no single point of failure … and no “kill switch”! This also implies freedom from indiscriminate censorship and surveillance.

去中心化:

无需中央机构的许可即可在网络上发布任何内容,没有中央控制节点,因此不会出现单点故障… 而且没有 “终止开关”!这也意味着不受不分青红皂白的审查和监视。

  • Non-discrimination: If I pay to connect to the internet with a certain quality of service, and you pay to connect with that or a greater quality of service, then we can both communicate at the same level. This principle of equity is also known as Net Neutrality.

网络中立性:

如果我付费以一定的服务质量连接到互联网,而您付费以连接到该服务质量或更高的服务质量,那么我们都可以在同一水平上进行交流。这种公平原则也被称为网络中立性。

  • Bottom-up design: Instead of code being written and controlled by a small group of experts, it was developed in full view of everyone, encouraging maximum participation and experimentation.

自下而上的设计:

它不是由一小群专家编写和控制代码,而是在所有人的众目睽睽之下开发的,鼓励最大程度的参与和实验。

  • Universality: For anyone to be able to publish anything on the web, all the computers involved have to speak the same languages to each other, no matter what different hardware people are using; where they live; or what cultural and political beliefs they have. In this way, the web breaks down silos while still allowing diversity to flourish.

通用性:

为了让任何人都能够在网络上发布任何内容,无论人们使用什么不同的硬件,所有涉及的计算机都必须彼此使用相同的语言;他们住在哪里;或者他们有什么文化和政治信仰。通过这种方式,网络打破了孤岛,同时仍然允许多样性蓬勃发展。

  • Consensus: For universal standards to work, everyone had to agree to use them. Tim and others achieved this consensus by giving everyone a say in creating the standards, through a transparent, participatory process at W3C.

共识:

要使通用标准发挥作用,每个人都必须同意使用它们。Tim 和其他人通过 W3C 透明的参与式流程,让每个人都能在创建标准方面拥有发言权,从而达成了这一共识。

New permutations of these ideas are giving rise to exciting new approaches in fields as diverse as information (Open Data), politics (Open Government), scientific research (Open Access), education, and culture (Free Culture). But to date we have only scratched the surface of how these principles could change society and politics for the better.
这些想法的新排列方式正在信息(开放数据)、政 治(开放政府)、科学研究(开放获取)、教育和文化(自由文化)等不同领域产生令人兴奋的新方法。但到目前为止,我们只是触及了这些原则如何使社会和政 治变得更好的表面。

In 2009, Sir Tim co-founded the World Wide Web Foundation with Rosemary Leith. The Web Foundation is fighting for the web we want: a web that is safe, empowering and for everyone.
2009 年,蒂姆爵士与罗斯玛丽・利斯(Rosemary Leith)共同创立了万维网基金会。Web 基金会正在为我们想要的网络而战:一个安全、赋权且适合所有人的网络。

Please do explore our site and our work. We hope you’ll be inspired by our vision and decide to take action. Remember, as Tim tweeted during the Olympics Opening Ceremony in 2012, “This is for Everyone”.
请浏览我们的网站和我们的工作。我们希望您能从我们的愿景中得到启发,并决定采取行动。请记住,正如蒂姆在 2012 年奥运会开幕式上发推文所说的那样,“这是为了所有人”。

This is for everyone #london2012#oneweb#openingceremony@webfoundation@w3c
— Tim Berners-Lee (@timberners_lee) July 27, 2012


via:


A Little History of the World Wide Web 万维网简史

See also How It All Started presentation materials from the W3C 10th Anniversary Celebration and other references.

from 1945 to 1995 从 1945 年到 1995 年

1945

Vannevar Bush writes an article in Atlantic Monthly about a photo-electrical-mechanical device called a Memex, for memory extension, which could make and follow links between documents on microfiche

Vannevar Bush 在《大西洋月刊》(Atlantic Monthly)上写了一篇文章,介绍了一种名为 Memex 的光电机械设备,用于内存扩展,该设备可以在缩微胶片上的文档之间建立和跟踪链接。

1960s 1960 年代

Doug Engelbart prototypes an “oNLine System” (NLS) which does hypertext browsing editing, email, and so on. He invents the mouse for this purpose. See the Bootstrap Institute library.

道格・恩格尔巴特(Doug Engelbart)设计了一个 “oNLine 系统”(NLS)的原型,该系统可以进行超文本浏览、编辑、电子邮件等操作。为此,他发明了鼠标。请参阅 Bootstrap Institute 库。

Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext in A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate. 20th National Conference, New York, Association for Computing Machinery, 1965. See also: Literary Machines. Note: There used to be a link here to “Hypertext and Hypermedia: A Selected Bibliography” by Terence Harpold, but the site hosting the resource did not maintain the link.

泰德・尼尔森(Ted Nelson)在《文件结构》中创造了 “超文本” 一词,用于表示复杂、变化和不确定。第 20 届全国会议,纽约,计算机协会,1965 年。Смотритетакже: 文学机器。注意:这里曾经有一个链接到 Terence Harpold 的 “Hypertext and Hypermedia: A Selected Bibliography”,但托管该资源的网站并未维护该链接。

Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System and FRESS in 1967.

Andy van Dam 和其他人于 1967 年构建了超文本编辑系统和 FRESS。

1980

While consulting for CERN June-December of 1980, Tim Berners-Lee writes a notebook program, “Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything”, which allows links to be made between arbitrary nodes. Each node had a title, a type, and a list of bidirectional typed links. “ENQUIRE” ran on Norsk Data machines under SINTRAN-III. See: Enquire user manual as scanned images or as HTML page(alt).

在 1980 年 6 月至 12 月为欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)提供咨询时,蒂姆・伯纳斯 - 李(Tim Berners-Lee)编写了一个笔记本程序 “Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything”,该程序允许在任意节点之间建立链接。每个节点都有一个标题、一个类型和一个双向类型化链接列表。“ENQUIRE” 在 SINTRAN-III 下的 Norsk 数据机器上运行。请参阅:以扫描图像或 HTML 页面(alt)的形式查询用户手册。

1989

  • March

    “Information Management: A Proposal” written by Tim BL and circulated for comments at CERN (TBL). Paper “HyperText and CERN” produced as background (text or WriteNow format).

    “信息管理:一项提案”,由 Tim BL 撰写,并在 CERN (TBL) 上分发以征求意见。论文 “HyperText and CERN” 作为背景制作(文本或 WriteNow 格式)。

1990

  • May

    Same proposal recirculated

    同样的提案再次分发

  • September

    Mike Sendall, Tim’s boss, Oks the purchase of a NeXT cube, and allows Tim to go ahead and write a global hypertext system.

    Tim 的老板 Mike Sendall 同意购买 NeXT 立方体,并允许 Tim 继续编写一个全球超文本系统。

  • October

    Tim starts work on a hypertext GUI browser+editor using the NeXTStep development environment. He makes up “WorldWideWeb” as a name for the program. (See the first browser screenshot) “World Wide Web” as a name for the project (over Information Mesh, Mine of Information, and Information Mine). Tim 开始使用 NeXTStep 开发环境开发超文本 GUI 浏览器 + 编辑器。他编造了 “WorldWideWeb” 作为该程序的名称。(见第一个浏览器截图)“万维网” 作为项目的名称(在 Information Mesh、Mine of Information 和 Information Mine 之上)。

    Project original proposal reformulated with encouragement from CN and ECP divisional management. Robert Cailliau (ECP) joins and is co-author of new version.

    在 CN 和 ECP 部门管理层的鼓励下,重新制定了项目原始提案。Robert Cailliau (ECP) 加入并合著新版本。

  • November

    Initial WorldWideWeb program development continues on the NeXT (TBL) . This was a “what you see is what you get” (wysiwyg) browser/editor with direct inline creation of links. The first web server was nxoc01.cern.ch, later called info.cern.ch, and the first web page http://nxoc01.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html Unfortunately CERN no longer supports the historical site. Note from this era too, the least recently modified web page we know of, last changed Tue, 13 Nov 1990 15:17:00 GMT (though the URI changed.)

    最初的 WorldWideWeb 程序开发在 NeXT (TBL) 上继续进行。这是一个 “所见即所得”(所见即所得)浏览器 / 编辑器,可直接内联创建链接。第一个 Web 服务器是 nxoc01.cern.ch,后来称为 info.cern.ch,第一个网页 http://nxoc01.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html 不幸的是,CERN 不再支持该历史站点。请注意,从这个时代开始,我们所知道的最近修改最少的网页,最后更改时间为 Tue, 13 Nov 1990 15:17:00 GMT(尽管 URI 已更改)。

  • November

    Technical Student Nicola Pellow (CN) joins and starts work on the line-mode browser. Bernd Pollermann (CN) helps get interface to CERNVM “FIND” index running. TBL gives a colloquium on hypertext in general.

    技术学生 Nicola Pellow (CN) 加入并开始开发线路模式浏览器。Bernd Pollermann (CN) 帮助运行 CERNVM “FIND” 索引的接口。TBL 提供了一个关于超文本的一般座谈会。

  • Christmas

    Line mode browser and WorldWideWeb browser/editor demonstrable. Acces is possible to hypertext files, CERNVM “FIND”, and Internet news articles.

    线路模式浏览器和 WorldWideWeb 浏览器 / 编辑器可演示。可以访问超文本文件、CERNVM “FIND” 和互联网新闻文章。

1991

  • February

    workplan for the purposes of ECP division.

    ECP 司的工作计划。

  • 26 February 1991

    Presentation of the project to the ECP/PT group.

    向 ECP/PT 小组介绍该项目。

  • March

    Line mode browser (www) released to limited audience on “priam” vax, rs6000, sun4.

    线路模式浏览器 (www) 在 “priam” vax、rs6000、sun4 上向有限的观众发布。

  • May

    Workplan produced for CN/AS group 为 CN/AS 小组制定的工作计划

  • 17 May

    Presentation to “C5” Committee. General release of WWW on central CERN machines.

    向 “C5” 委员会介绍情况。WWW 在中央 CERN 机器上的一般发布。

  • 12 June

    CERN Computer Seminar on WWW. CERN 计算机研讨会 WWW.

  • August

    Files available on the net by FTP, posted on alt.hypertext (6th, 6th, 19th Aug), comp.sys.next.announce (20th), comp.text.sgml and comp.mail.multi-media (22nd). Jean-Francois Groff joins the project.

    通过 FTP 在网络上提供的文件,发布在 alt.hypertext(8 月 6 日、6 日、19 日)、comp.sys.next.announce (20 日)、comp.text.sgml 和 comp.mail.multi-media(22 日)。让 - 弗朗索瓦・格罗夫(Jean-Francois Groff)加入了这个项目。

  • October

    VMS/HELP and WAIS gateways installed. Mailing lists www-interest (now www-announce) and www-talk@info.cern.ch (see archive) started. One year status report. Anonymous telnet service started.

    已安装 VMS/HELP 和 WAIS 网关。邮件列表 www-interest(现在是 www-announce)和 www-talk@info.cern.ch(见存档)开始了。一年状态报告。匿名 telnet 服务已启动。

  • December

    Presented poster and demonstration at Hypertext’91 in San Antonio, Texas (US). W3 browser installed on VM/CMS. CERN computer newsletter announces W3 to the HEP world. Dec 12: Paul Kunz installs first Web server outside of Europe, at SLAC.

    12 月 12 日:Paul Kunz 在 SLAC 安装了欧洲以外的第一台 Web 服务器。

1992

  • 15 January

    Line mode browser release 1.1 available by anonymous FTP (see news). Presentation to AIHEP’92 at La Londe (FR).

    Line 模式浏览器版本 1.1 可通过匿名 FTP 获得(见新闻)。在 La Londe(法国)举行的 AIHEP’92 大会上发表演讲。

  • 12 February

    Line mode v 1.2 annouced on alt.hypertext, comp.infosystems, comp.mail.multi-media, cern.sting, comp.archives.admin, and mailing lists.

    Line mode v 1.2 在 alt.hypertext、comp.infosystems、comp.mail.multi-media、cern.sting、comp.archives.admin 和邮件列表上发布。

  • April

    29th April: Release of Finnish “Erwise” GUI client for X mentioned in review by TimBL.

    4 月 29 日:发布芬兰语 “Erwise” GUI 客户端,用于 X 的 TimBL 评论中提到。

  • May

    Pei Wei’s “Viola” GUI browser for X test version dated May 15. (See review by TimBL) At CERN, Presentation and demo at JENC3, Innsbruck (AT). Technical Student Carl Barker (ECP) joins the project.

    在欧洲核子研究中心,在因斯布鲁克(奥地利)的 JENC3 上进行演示和演示。技术学生 Carl Barker (ECP) 加入该项目。

  • June

    Presentation and demo at HEPVM (Lyon). People at FNAL (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)), NIKHEF (Nationaal Instituut voor Kern- en Hoge Energie Fysika, (NL)), DESY (Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, (DE)) join with WWW servers.

    在 HEPVM(里昂)上的演讲和演示。FNAL(费米国家加速器实验室(美国))、NIKHEF(美国国家核与高能物理研究所,(荷兰))、DESY(德国汉堡电子同步加速器)的人员加入了 WWW 服务器。

  • July

    Distribution of WWW through CernLib, including Viola. WWW library code ported to DECnet. Report to the Advisory Board on Computing.

    通过 CernLib 分发 WWW,包括 Viola。WWW 库代码移植到 DECnet。向计算咨询委员会提交报告。

  • August

    Introduction of CVS for code management at CERN.

    在欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)引入 CVS 进行代码管理。

  • September

    Plenary session demonstration to the HEP community at CHEP’92 in Annecy (FR).

    在阿讷西(法国)举行的 CHEP’92 上向 HEP 社区进行全体会议演示。

  • November

    Jump back in time to a snapshot of the WWW Project Page as of 3 Nov 1992 and the WWW project web of the time, including the list of all 26 resoanably reliable servers, NCSA’s having just been added, but no sign of Mosaic.

    回到 1992 年 11 月 3 日的 WWW 项目页面和当时的 WWW 项目网络的快照,包括所有 26 个可靠服务器的列表,NCSA 刚刚添加,但没有 Mosaic 的迹象。

1993

  • January

    By now, Midas (Tony Johnson, SLAC), Erwise (HUT), and Viola (Pei Wei, O’Reilly Associates) browsers are available for X; CERN Mac browser (ECP) released as alpha. Around 50 known HTTP servers.

    到目前为止,Midas (Tony Johnson, SLAC)、Erwise (HUT) 和 Viola (Pei Wei, O’Reilly Associates) 浏览器可用于 X;CERN Mac 浏览器 (ECP) 作为 alpha 版本发布。大约 50 个已知的 HTTP 服务器。

  • February

    NCSA release first alpha version of Marc Andreessen’s “Mosaic for X”. Computing seminar at CERN. The University of Minnesota announced that they would begin to charge licensing fees for Gopher’s use, which caused many volunteers and employees to stop using it and switch to WWW.

    NCSA 发布了 Marc Andreessen 的 “Mosaic for X” 的第一个 alpha 版本。欧洲核子研究中心的计算研讨会。明尼苏达大学宣布,他们将开始对 Gopher 的使用收取许可费,这导致许多志愿者和员工停止使用它,转而使用 WWW。

  • March

    WWW (Port 80 HTTP) traffic measures 0.1% of NSF backbone traffic. WWW presented at Online Publishing 93, Pittsburgh. The Acceptable Use Policy prohibiting commercial use of the Internet re-interpreted., so that it becomes becomes allowed.

    禁止互联网商业用途的可接受使用政策被重新解释,使其成为允许的。

  • April

    April 30: Date on the declaration by CERN’s directors that WWW technology would be freely usable by anyone, with no fees being payable to CERN. A milestone document.

    4 月 30 日:欧洲核子研究中心的董事宣布 WWW 技术将可供任何人自由使用,无需向欧洲核子研究中心支付任何费用。一份具有里程碑意义的文件。

  • July

    Ari Luotonen (ECP) joins the project at CERN. He implements access authorisation, proceeds to re-write the CERN httpd server.

    Ari Luotonen (ECP) 加入了 CERN 的项目。他实现了访问授权,并继续重写 CERN httpd 服务器。

  • July 28-30

    O’Reilly hosts first WWW Wizards Workshop in Cambridge Mass (US).

    O’Reilly 在美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市举办了第一届 WWW 巫师研讨会。

  • September

    WWW (Port 80 http) traffic measures 1% of NSF backbone traffic. NCSA releases working versions of Mosaic browser for all common platforms: X, PC/Windows and Macintosh. September 6-10: On a bus at a seminar Information at Newcastle University, MIT’s Prof. David Gifford suggests Tim BL contact Michael Dertouzos of MIT/LCS as a possible consortium host site.

    WWW (端口 80 http) 流量占 NSF 骨干流量的 1%。NCSA 发布了所有通用平台的 Mosaic 浏览器的工作版本:X, PC/Windows 和 Macintosh。9 月 6 日至 10 日:在纽卡斯尔大学举行的研讨会信息上,麻省理工学院的 David Gifford 教授建议 Tim BL 联系麻省理工学院 / LCS 的 Michael Dertouzos 作为可能的联盟主办站点。

  • October

    Over 200 known HTTP servers. The European Commission, the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft and CERN start the first Web-based project of the European Union (DG XIII): WISE, using the Web for dissemination of technological information to Europe’s less favoured regions.

    超过 200 个已知的 HTTP 服务器。欧盟委员会、弗劳恩霍夫协会(Fraunhofer Gesellschaft)和欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)启动了欧洲联盟第一个基于网络的项目(DG XIII):WISE,利用网络向欧洲较不受欢迎的地区传播技术信息。

  • December

    WWW receives IMA award. John Markov writes a page and a half on WWW and Mosaic in “The New York Times” (US) business section. “The Guardian” (UK) publishes a page on WWW, “The Economist” (UK) analyses the Internet and WWW. Robert Cailliau gets go-ahead from CERN management to organise the First International WWW Conference at CERN.

    WWW 获得 IMA 奖。约翰・马尔科夫(John Markov)在《纽约时报》(美国)商业版块上写了一页半关于 WWW 和 Mosaic 的文章。《卫报》(英国)在 WWW 上发布了一个页面,“经济学人”(英国)分析了互联网和 WWW。 Robert Cailliau 获得欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)管理层的批准,在欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)组织第一届国际 WWW 会议。

1994

  • January

    O’Reilly, Spry, etc announce “Internet in a box” product to bring the Web into homes.

    O’Reilly、Spry 等宣布推出 “盒装互联网” 产品,将 Web 带入家庭。

  • March

    Marc Andreessen and colleagues leave NCSA to form “Mosaic Communications Corp” (later Netscape).

    马克・安德森(Marc Andreessen)和同事离开 NCSA,成立了 “Mosaic Communications Corp”(后来的 Netscape)。

  • May 25-27

    First International WWW Conference, CERN, Geneva. Heavily oversubscribed (800 apply, 400 allowed in): the “Woodstock of the Web”. VRML is conceived here. TBL’s closing keynote hints at upcoming organization. (Some of Tim’s slides on Semantic Web)

    第一届国际 WWW 会议,欧洲核子研究中心,日内瓦。严重超额认购(800 个申请,400 个允许进入):“网络的伍德斯托克”。VRML 就是在这里构思的。TBL 的闭幕主题演讲暗示了即将到来的组织。(Tim 在语义网上的一些幻灯片)

  • June

    M. Bangemann report on European Commission Information Superhighway plan. Over 1500 registered servers. Load on the first Web server (info.cern.ch) 1000 times what it has been 3 years earlier.

    在第一台 Web 服务器 (info.cern.ch) 上的负载是 3 年前的 1000 倍。

    Over June '91 to June 94, stead

  • July

    MIT/CERN agreement to start W3 Organisation is announced by Bangemann in Boston. MIT press release. Reports in Wall Street Journal, Boston Globe etc.

    麻省理工学院 / 欧洲核子研究中心(MIT/CERN)同意启动 W3 组织,由 Bangemann 在波士顿宣布。麻省理工学院新闻稿。《华尔街日报》、《波士顿环球报》等媒体报道

  • August

    Founding of the IW3C2: the International WWW Conference Committee, in Boston, by NCSA and CERN.

    IW3C2:国际 WWW 会议委员会,由 NCSA 和 CERN 在波士顿成立。

  • September

    The European Commission and CERN propose the WebCore project for development of the Web core technology in Europe. 欧盟委员会和欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)提出了 WebCore 项目,以在欧洲开发 Web 核心技术。

  • 1 October

    World Wide Web Consortium founded. 万维网联盟成立。

  • October

    Second International WWW Conference: “Mosaic and the Web”, Chicago. Also heavily oversubscribed: 2000 apply, 1300 allowed in. 第二届国际 WWW 会议:“Mosaic and the Web”,芝加哥。也严重超额认购:2000 人申请,1300 人允许进入。

  • 14 December

    First W3 Consortium Meeting at M.I.T. in Cambridge (USA). 在美国剑桥麻省理工学院举行的第一届 W3 联盟会议。

  • 15 December

    First meeting with European Industry and the European Consortium branch, at the European Commission, Brussels.

    在布鲁塞尔欧盟委员会与欧洲工业和欧洲联盟分会举行首次会议。

  • 16 December

    CERN Council approves unanimously the construction of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) accelerator, CERN’s next machine and competitor to the US’ already defunct SSC (Superconducting Supercollider). Stringent budget conditions are however imposed. CERN thus decides not to continue WWW development, and in concertation with the European Commission and INRIA (the Institut National pour la Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, FR) transfers the WebCore project to INRIA.

    欧洲核子研究中心委员会一致批准建造大型强子对撞机(LHC)加速器,这是欧洲核子研究中心的下一台机器,也是美国已经停产的 SSC(超导超级对撞机)的竞争对手。然而,施加了严格的预算条件。因此,欧洲核子研究中心决定不再继续开发 WWW,并与欧盟委员会和 INRIA(法国国家信息与自动化研究所)合作,将 WebCore 项目移交给 INRIA。

1995

  • February

    the Web is the main reason for the theme of the G7 meeting hosted by the European Commission in the European Parliament buildings in Brussels (BE).

    网络是欧盟委员会在布鲁塞尔(BE)欧洲议会大厦主办的七国集团(G7)会议主题的主要原因。

  • March

    CERN holds a two-day seminar for the European Media (press, radio, TV), attended by 250 reporters, to show WWW. It is demonstrated on 60 machines, with 30 pupils from the local International High School helping the reporters “surf the Web”.

    欧洲核子研究中心为欧洲媒体(新闻、广播、电视)举办了为期两天的研讨会,有 250 名记者参加,以展示 WWW。它在 60 台机器上演示,来自当地国际高中的 30 名学生帮助记者 “上网”。

  • April

    Third International WWW Conference: “Tools and Applications”, hosted by the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, in Darmstadt (DE) 第三届国际 WWW 会议:“工具与应用”,由 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft 主办,达姆施塔特(德国)

  • June

    Founding of the Web Society in Graz (AT), by the Technical University of Graz (home of Hyper-G), CERN, the University of Minnesota (home of Gopher) and INRIA. 由格拉茨技术大学(Hyper-G 的故乡)、欧洲核子研究中心、明尼苏达大学(Gopher 的故乡)和 INRIA 在格拉茨(奥地利)创立了 Web Society。


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下面是三篇关于互联网和因特网、万维网之间的区别的文章


互联网和因特网、万维网之间的区别和关系

因特网和万维网这两个名词经常被混用。常见的一个误解是,人们认为互联网(Internet 也叫因特网)和万维网(World Wide Web) 是同样的事物。然而,这两个名词的意思并不相同。

万维网和因特网的区别

一、互联网

互联网英文名称:internet,又称国际网络,属于传媒领域。指的是网络与网络之间所串连成的庞大网络,这些网络以一组通用的协议相连,形成逻辑上的单一巨大国际网络。互联网始于 1969 年美国的阿帕网,通常 internet 泛指互联网,而 Internet 则特指因特网。

二、因特网

因特网英文名称:Internet,中文正式译名为因特网,又叫做国际互联网。它是由那些使用公用语言互相通信的计算机连接而成的全球网络,基于 TCP/IP 技术,要有公网 IP。一旦你连接到它的任何一个节点上,就意味着你的计算机已经连入 Internet 网上了。判断自己是否接入的是因特网,首先是看自己电脑是否安装了 TCP/IP 协议,其次看是否拥有一个公网地址(所谓公网地址,就是所有私网地址以外的地址)。

三、万维网

万维网英文名称:World Wide Web,一般称其为 WWW,核心词是 Web,特点是基于 HTTP、HTML 技术。万维网是存在于互联网之上,它是无数个网络站点和网页的集合,构成了因特网主要的部分。它实际上是多媒体的集合,是由超级连接连接而成的。我们通过网络浏览器上网看到的,就是万维网的内容。

什么是万维网

四、互联网和因特网、万维网之间的关系

互联网包含因特网,因特网包含万维网,凡是能彼此通信的设备组成的网络就叫互联网。所以,即使仅有两台机器,不论用何种技术使其彼此通信,也叫互联网。

国际标准的互联网写法是 Internet,因特网是互联网的一种。因特网可不是仅有两台机器组成的互联网,它是由上千万台设备组成的互联网。因特网使用 TCP/IP 协议让不同的设备可以彼此通信。但使用 TCP/IP 协议的网络并不一定是因特网,一个局域网也可以使用 TCP/IP 协议。

五、万维网和因特网的区别

目前由于因特网的广泛使用,因此互联网有时直接指代因特网,但是我们可以从英语名字中看出不同,互联网:internet(小写 i),因特网:Internet(大写 I)。广义上的互联网是很大的,两台电脑组成的网络也能称为互联网,但是不能称为因特网。

万维网也称为 Web,是因特网中的一项服务(web 服务),除了万维网,因特网还包括了许多其他服务,例如:许可电子邮件营销服务,FTP,Telnet 等等。


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Internet 和 internet 的区别是什么?

cslie 于 2017-06-04

internet 小写代表互联网,Internet 大写代表因特网。

以小写字母 i 开始的 internet(互联网或互连网)是一个通用名词,它泛指多个计算机网络互连而组成的网络,在这些网络之间的通信协议(即通信规则)可以是任意的。

以大写字母 I 开始的 Internet(因特网)则是一个专用名词,它指当前世界上最大的、开放的、由众多网络相互连接而成的特定计算机网络,它采用 TCP/IP 协议族作为通信的规则,且前身是美国的 ARPANET。

因特网:是通过产业、教育、政府和科研部门中的自治网络将用户连接起来的世界范围的网络。因特网采用网际协议(IP)进行网络互连和路由选择,采用传输控制协议(TCP)实现端对端控制。因特网的主要业务包括电子邮件、文件传送协议(FTP)、远程登录、万维网和电子公告板。

互联网:是两个或多个子网络构成的一种网络。这种网络可包括网桥、路由器、网关或它们的组合。

互联网、因特网的关系是:互联网 包含 因特网 。

凡是能彼此通信的设备组成的网络就叫互联网。所以,即使仅有两台机器,不论用何种技术使其彼此通信,也叫互联网。国际标准的互联网写法是 internet,字母 i 一定要小写!跨国性的超大互联网不仅有因特网,还有惠多网。

因特网是互联网的一种。因特网可不是仅有两台机器组成的互联网,它是由上千万台设备组成的互联网。因特网使用 TCP/IP 协议让不同的设备可以彼此通信。但使用 TCP/IP 协议的网络并不一定是因特网,一个局域网也可以使用 TCP/IP 协议。判断自己是否接入的是因特网,首先是看自己电脑是否安装了 TCP/IP 协议,其次看是否拥有一个公网地址 (所谓公网地址,就是所有私网地址以外的地址)。国际标准的因特网写法是 Internet,字母 I 一定要大写!

因特网是基于 TCP/IP 协议实现的,TCP/IP 协议由很多协议组成,不同类型的协议又被放在不同的层,其中,位于应用层的协议就有很多,比如 FTP、SMTP、HTTP。只要应用层使用的是 HTTP 协议,就称为万维网 (World Wide Web)。


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Internet vs. internet 因特网与互联网 —— 语义演变趋势

October 26, 2020

Green Light Wireless talks about Internet vs. internet

When we went through a brand refresh at Green Light Wireless, we thought long and hard about a seemingly simple question – should we talk about the Internet as “Internet” or “internet”?
当我们在Green Light Wireless 进行品牌更新时,我们对一个看似简单的问题进行了长时间而艰苦的思考——我们应该将互联网称为 “Internet” 还是 “Internet” ?

As an Internet company, this question brought us to research the history behind capitalizing “Internet” and how it slowly became “internet” in mainstream day-to-day writing.
作为一家 Internet 公司,这个问题让我们研究了一下 “Internet” 大写背后的历史,以及它是如何在主流日常写作中慢慢变成 “internet” 的。

The transition from I to i 从 I 到 i 的过渡

The “I” is capitalized to differentiate the Internet as the global network from any generic inter-connecting of smaller computer networks. The capital “I” in the word Internet reflects the perceived status and formal recognition of the global network as a unique entity. Today, the capitalized word of “Internet” still lives in the guidelines of many respected news sources, style guides, and dictionaries.
“I” 是大写的,用于将作为全球网络的 Internet 与任何小型计算机网络的通用互连区分开来。“ Internet” 一词中的大写字母“I”反映了全球网络作为一个独特实体的感知地位和正式承认。时至今日,“ Internet” 这个大写的词仍然存在于许多受人尊敬的新闻来源、风格指南和词典的指南中。

However, as technology progresses and the Internet is a necessity at homes, offices, and schools, it is changing from a named entity into a generic noun through common use. For the younger generation that grew up with the Internet, this technology is a part of their everyday lives just like other communication and entertainment mediums such as the radio, television, and telephone. The Internet has become something a bit more generic in people’s understanding, which started the trend of normalizing it as “internet”.
然而,随着技术的进步和 Internet 在家庭、办公室和学校的必需品,它正在通过普遍使用从一个命名实体转变为一个通用名词。对于与 Internet 一起成长的年轻一代来说,这项技术就像广播、电视和电话等其他通信和娱乐媒介一样,是他们日常生活的一部分。在人们的理解中,互联网已经变得更加通用,这开始了将其规范化为 “internet” 的趋势。

In addition, the act of decapitalizing a word is part of a universal linguistic tendency to reduce the effort required to process commonly-used words. In 2016, The Associated Press Stylebook, the go-to writing guideline for journalists and PR professionals, announced its intention to lowercase Internet and Web in all instances. Some argue that decapitalized words such as “internet” and “web” also enable faster writing and reading.
此外,对单词进行去大写的行为是普遍语言学趋势的一部分,这种趋势旨在减少处理常用单词所需的工作量。2016 年,美联社 Stylebook(记者和公关专业人士的首选写作指南)宣布打算在所有情况下都小写 Internet 和 Web。一些人认为,像 “internet” 和 “web” 这样的去大写词也可以使写作和阅读速度更快。

Should you capitalize “internet” or not? 你应该大写 “internet” 吗?

It depends. There are no right or wrong ways of doing it. Using “internet” and following the trend of decapitalization in your writing can make you seem friendly and progressive. On the other hand, “Internet” describes the technology correctly and gives a sense of formal professionalism.
这要视情况而定。这样做没有对错之分。使用 “internet” 并在你的写作中遵循去大写的趋势可以让你看起来友好和进步。另一方面,“Internet” 正确地描述了技术,并给人一种正式的专业感。


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