量子力学第七弹——中心力场问题

最新推荐文章于 2020-09-20 08:34:39 发布

东门之杨

最新推荐文章于 2020-09-20 08:34:39 发布

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文章标签：量子力学中心力场

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013795675/article/details/45534983

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Potential Features

V (x) = V (r), r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - - - - - - - - - - \sqrt

$V(\mathbf{x})=V(r),\\r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}$

角动量守恒

In classical mechanics

$d L d t = \partial L \partial t (= 0) + {L, H} = \partial L \partial q a \partial H \partial p a - \partial L \partial p a \partial H \partial q a$ $\frac{d\mathbf{L}}{dt}=\frac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial t}(=0)+\{\mathbf{L},H\}=\frac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial q_a}\frac{\partial H}{\partial p_a}-\frac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial p_a}\frac{\partial H}{\partial q_a}$
$\partial L \partial q a = \partial ( ϵ α β γ x β p γ ) \partial x a = ϵ α β γ δ β a p γ = ϵ α a γ p γ \partial H \partial p a = \partial ( p 2 2 m + V ( r ) ) \partial p a = \partial ( p α p α 2 m ) \partial p a = 1 2 m \cdot 2 p α δ α a = 1 m p a \partial L \partial q a \partial H \partial p a = 1 m ϵ α a γ p γ p a = 0 \partial L \partial p a = \partial ( ϵ α β γ x β p γ ) \partial p a = ϵ α β γ x β δ γ a = ϵ α β a x β \partial H \partial q a = \partial ( p 2 2 m + V ( r ) ) \partial x a = \partial V ( r ) \partial x a = d V d r \partial r \partial x a = d V d r \cdot x a r \partial L \partial p a \partial H \partial q a = d V d r 1 r ϵ α β a x β x a = 0$ $\begin{align*}&\dfrac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial q_a}=\frac{\partial (\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma} x_\beta p_{\gamma})}{\partial x_a}=\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma} \delta_{\beta a} p_{\gamma}= \epsilon_{\alpha a\gamma} p_{\gamma}\\&\dfrac{\partial H}{\partial p_a}=\frac{\partial \left(\dfrac{p^2}{2m}+V(r)\right)}{\partial p_a}=\frac{\partial \left(\dfrac{p_\alpha p_\alpha}{2m}\right)}{\partial p_a}=\frac 1{2m}\cdot 2p_\alpha\delta_{\alpha a}=\frac 1m p_a\\ &\dfrac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial q_a}\dfrac{\partial H}{\partial p_a}=\frac 1m\epsilon_{\alpha a\gamma} p_{\gamma} p_a=0\\&\dfrac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial p_a}=\frac{\partial (\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma} x_\beta p_{\gamma})}{\partial p_a}=\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma} x_\beta\delta_{\gamma a} = \epsilon_{\alpha \beta a} x_{\beta}\\&\dfrac{\partial H}{\partial q_a}=\frac{\partial \left(\dfrac{p^2}{2m}+V(r)\right)}{\partial x_a}=\frac{\partial V(r)}{\partial x_a}=\frac{dV}{dr}\frac{\partial r}{\partial x_a}=\frac{dV}{dr}\cdot \frac{x_a}{r}\\ &\dfrac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial p_a}\dfrac{\partial H}{\partial q_a}= \frac{dV}{dr}\frac{1}{r}\epsilon_{\alpha \beta a} x_{\beta}x_a=0\end{align*}$
$\Rightarrow d L d t = \partial L \partial q a \partial H \partial p a - \partial L \partial p a \partial H \partial q a = 0$ $\Rightarrow\frac{d\mathbf{L}}{dt}=\frac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial q_a}\frac{\partial H}{\partial p_a}-\frac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial p_a}\frac{\partial H}{\partial q_a}=0$

In quantum mechanics

$d L α d t = \partial L \partial t (= 0) + 1 i ℏ [L α, H] = 1 i ℏ ([L, p 2 2 m] + [L α, V (r)])$ $\frac{dL_\alpha}{dt}=\frac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial t}(=0)+\frac1{i\hbar}[L_\alpha,H]=\frac1{i\hbar}\left(\left[L,\frac{p^2}{2m}\right]+\left[L_\alpha,V(r)\right]\right)$
$[L, p 2 2 m] = = = = = ϵ α β γ 2 m [x β p γ, p a p a] ϵ α β γ 2 m [x β, p a p a] p γ ϵ α β γ 2 m \cdot 2 i ℏ δ β a p a p γ i ℏ 1 m ϵ α β γ p β p γ 0$ $\begin{align*}\left[L,\frac{p^2}{2m}\right]=&\frac{\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}}{2m}[x_\beta p_\gamma,p_ap_a]\\=&\frac{\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}}{2m}[x_\beta ,p_ap_a]p_\gamma\\=&\frac{\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}}{2m}\cdot2i\hbar \delta_{\beta a}p_ap_\gamma\\=&i\hbar \frac{1}{m}\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}p_\beta p_\gamma\\=&0\end{align*}$
$[L α, V (r)] = = = = = = ϵ α β γ x β [p γ, V (r)] ϵ α β γ x β [p γ, x a] \partial V \partial x a ϵ α β γ x β [p γ, x a] d V d r \partial r \partial x a ϵ α β γ x β \cdot (- i ℏ δ γ a) \cdot d V d r x a r - i ℏ d V d r 1 r ϵ α β γ x β x γ 0$ $\begin{align*}[L_\alpha,V(r)]=&\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}x_\beta[p_\gamma,V(r)]\\=&\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}x_\beta[p_\gamma,x_a]\frac{\partial V}{\partial x_a}\\=&\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}x_\beta[p_\gamma,x_a]\frac{dV}{dr}\frac{\partial r}{\partial x_a}\\=&\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}x_\beta\cdot(-i\hbar\delta_{\gamma a})\cdot\frac{dV}{dr}\frac{x_a}{r}\\=&-i\hbar\frac{dV}{dr}\frac1r\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}x_\beta x_\gamma\\ =&0\end{align*}$
$\Rightarrow d L α d t = 1 i ℏ ([L, p 2 2 m] + [L α, V (r)]) = 0$ $\Rightarrow \frac{dL_\alpha}{dt}=\frac1{i\hbar}\left(\left[L,\frac{p^2}{2m}\right]+\left[L_\alpha,V(r)\right]\right)=0$

Classification of Central Potential

Gravatation, Coulumb field:

V (r) \sim r - 1

$V(r)\sim r^{-1}$
Harmonic oscillator:

V (r) \sim R 2

$V(r)\sim R^2$
Logarithm:

V (r) \sim ln r

$V(r)\sim \ln r$
Yukawa:

V (r) \sim e - α r r - 1

$V(r)\sim e^{-\alpha r}r^{-1}$

General Solution for Central Potential Problem

Equantion

[- ℏ 2 2 m 1 r (d 2 d r 2 r) + L 2 2 m r 2 + V (r)] ψ (x) = E (x)

$\left[-\frac{\hbar ^2}{2m}\frac 1r(\frac{d^2}{dr^2}r)+\frac{L^2}{2mr^2}+V(r)\right]\psi(x)=E(x)$

Variable Seperation

ψ (r, θ, φ) = R l (r) Y l m (θ, φ)

$\psi(r,\theta,\varphi)=R_l(r)Y_{lm}(\theta,\varphi)$

R l (r) = χ l ( r ) r

$R_l(r)=\frac{\chi_l(r)}{r}$

d 2 d r 2 χ l (r) + {2 m ℏ 2 [E - V (r)] - l ( l + 1 ) r 2} χ l (r) = 0

$\frac{d^2}{dr^2}\chi_l(r)+\left\{\frac{2m}{\hbar^2}[E-V(r)]-\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}\right\}\chi_l(r)=0$

Boundary Condition

lim r \to 0 χ l (r) = 0 \Leftrightarrow lim r \to 0 r R (r) = 0 lim r \to 0 r 2 V (r) = 0

$\lim_{r\to0}\chi_l(r)=0\Leftrightarrow \lim_{r\to 0}rR(r)=0\\\lim_{r\to0}r^2V(r)=0$

Equation

d 2 d r 2 R l (r) + 2 r d d r R l (r) - l ( l + 1 ) r 2 R l (r) = 0

$\frac{d^2}{dr^2}R_l(r)+\frac 2r\frac{d}{dr}R_l(r)-\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}R_l(r)=0$

Assume $r\to 0,R_l(r)\sim r^s$
$\Rightarrow s(s+1)+l(l+1)=0$
$\Rightarrow R_l(r)\sim\begin{cases}r^l\\r^{-(l+1)}\end{cases}$
$R_l(r)\sim r^l$

注：这一节讲得进度有些快，重前面的推导，轻后面的计算。

Thanks to prof. Guo Hong

东门之杨

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量子力学第七弹——中心力场问题

Potential FeaturesV(x)=V(r),r=x2+y2+z2−−−−−−−−−−√V(\mathbf{x})=V(r),\\r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}角动量守恒In classical mechanics dLdt=∂L∂t(=0)+{L,H}=∂L∂qa∂H∂pa−∂L∂pa∂H∂qa\frac{d\mathbf{L}}{dt}=\frac{\partial \m
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