Algorithms(4th Edition),Java Programming Model

Statements.

 A Java program is composed of  statements , which define the computation by creating and manipulating variables, assigning data-type values to them, and controlling the flow of execution of such operations.

• Declarations create variables of a specified type and name them with identifiers. Java is a strongly typed language because the Java compiler checks for consistency. The scope of a variable is the part of the program where it is defined.

• Assignments associate a data-type value (defined by an expression) with a variable.

• Initializing declarations combine a declaration with an assignment to initialize a variable at the same time it is declared.

• Implicit assignments. The following shortcuts are available when our purpose is to modify a variable's value relative to the current value:

  • Increment/decrement operators: the code i++ is shorthand for i = i + 1. The code ++i is the same except that the expression value is taken after the increment/decrement, not before.

  • Other compound operators: the code i /= 2 is shorthand for i = i/2.

• Conditionals provide for a simple change in the flow of execution—execute the statements in one of two blocks, depending on a specified condition.

• Loops provide for a more profound change in the flow of execution—execute the statements in a block as long as a given condition is true. We refer to the statements in the block in a loop as the body of the loop.

• Break and continue. Java supports two additional statements for use within while loops:

  • The break statement, which immediately exits the loop

  • The continue statement, which immediately begins the next iteration of the loop

• For notation. Many loops follow this scheme: initialize an index variable to some value and then use a while loop to test a loop continuation condition involving the index variable, where the last statement in the while loop increments the index variable. You can express such loops compactly with Java's for notation.

• Single-statement blocks. If a block of statements in a conditional or a loop has only a single statement, the curly braces may be omitted.

Input and output.

• Commands and arguments.

  

• Standard output.

• Formatted output.

  

• Standard input.

• Redirection and piping.

  

• Input and output from a file.

• Standard drawing.