Linux ALSA声卡驱动之一：ALSA架构简介

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Linux ALSA声卡驱动之一：ALSA架构简介
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<div style="clear:both"></div><div style="border:solid 1px #ccc; background:#eee; float:left; min-width:200px;padding:4px 10px;"><p style="text-align:right;margin:0;"><span style="float:left;">目录<a href="#" title="系统根据文章中H1到H6标签自动生成文章目录">(?)</a></span><a href="#" οnclick="javascript:return openct(this);" title="展开">[+]</a></p><ol style="display:none;margin-left:14px;padding-left:14px;line-height:160%;"><li><a href="#t0">
</a></li><li><a href="#t1">一  概述</a></li><li><a href="#t2"> 二  ALSA设备文件结构</a></li><li><a href="#t3">三  驱动的代码文件结构</a></li></ol></div><div style="clear:both"></div><div id="article_content" class="article_content tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_307" data-dsm="post">

<p><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:26px; text-align:left">声明：本博内容均由</span><a href="http://blog.csdn.net/droidphone" style="color:rgb(51,102,153); text-decoration:none; font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:26px; text-align:left" target="_blank">http://blog.csdn.net/droidphone</a><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:26px; text-align:left">原创，转载请注明出处，谢谢！</span></p>
<h2><a name="t0" target="_blank"></a><br>
</h2>
<h2><a name="t1" target="_blank"></a>一.  概述</h2>
<p>    ALSA是Advanced <a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/linux" class="replace_word" title="Linux知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">Linux</a> Sound Architecture 的缩写，目前已经成为了<a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/linux" class="replace_word" title="Linux知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">linux</a>的主流音频体系结构，想了解更多的关于ALSA的这一开源项目的信息和知识，请查看以下网址：<a href="http://www.alsa-project.org/" target="_blank">http://www.alsa-project.org/</a>。</p>
<p>    在内核设备驱动层，ALSA提供了alsa-driver，同时在应用层，ALSA为我们提供了alsa-lib，应用程序只要调用alsa-lib提供的API，即可以完成对底层音频硬件的控制。</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="http://hi.csdn.net/attachment/201102/23/0_1298463602144u.gif" alt=""></p>
<p>                                                           图 1.1   alsa的软件体系结构</p>
<p>由图1.1可以看出，用户空间的alsa-lib对应用程序提供统一的API接口，这样可以隐藏了驱动层的实现细节，简化了应用程序的实现难度。内核空间中，alsa-soc其实是对alsa-driver的进一步封装，他针对<a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/embeddeddevelopment" class="replace_word" title="嵌入式开发知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">嵌入式</a>设备提供了一些列增强的功能。本系列博文仅对嵌入式系统中的alsa-driver和alsa-soc进行讨论。</p>
<h2><a name="t2" target="_blank"></a> 二.  ALSA设备文件结构</h2>
<p>    我们从alsa在linux中的设备文件结构开始我们的alsa之旅. 看看我的电脑中的alsa驱动的设备文件结构:</p>
<p><a href="mailto:dong@dong-vm64:/$" target="_blank">$</a> cd /dev/snd<br>
<a href="mailto:dong@dong-vm64:/dev/snd$" target="_blank">$</a> ls -l<br>
<br>
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 8 2011-02-23 21:38 controlC0<br>
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 4 2011-02-23 21:38 midiC0D0<br>
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 7 2011-02-23 21:39 pcmC0D0c<br>
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 6 2011-02-23 21:56 pcmC0D0p<br>
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 5 2011-02-23 21:38 pcmC0D1p<br>
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 3 2011-02-23 21:38 seq<br>
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 2 2011-02-23 21:38 timer<br>
<a href="mailto:dong@dong-vm64:/dev/snd$" target="_blank">$</a> </p>
<p><br>
    我们可以看到以下设备文件:</p>
<ul>
<li>controlC0 -->                 用于声卡的控制，例如通道选择，混音，麦克风的控制等</li><li>midiC0D0  -->                用于播放midi音频</li><li>pcmC0D0c --〉               用于录音的pcm设备</li><li>pcmC0D0p --〉               用于播放的pcm设备</li><li>seq  --〉                        音序器</li><li>timer --〉                       定时器</li></ul>
<p>其中，C0D0代表的是声卡0中的设备0，pcmC0D0c最后一个c代表capture，pcmC0D0p最后一个p代表playback，这些都是alsa-driver中的命名规则。从上面的列表可以看出，我的声卡下挂了6个设备，根据声卡的实际能力，驱动实际上可以挂上更多种类的设备，在include/sound/core.h中，定义了以下设备类型：</p>
<p><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 829px; top: 2161px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_1" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" width="18" height="18" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_1" align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=1&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_TOPLEVEL  ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_CONTROL   ((__force snd_device_type_t) 1)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL_PRE  ((__force snd_device_type_t) 2)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL_NORMAL ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1000)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_PCM       ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1001)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_RAWMIDI   ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1002)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_TIMER     ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1003)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_SEQUENCER ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1004)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_HWDEP     ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1005)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_INFO      ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1006)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_BUS       ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1007)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_CODEC     ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1008)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_JACK          ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1009)</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="preprocessor">#define SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL  ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x2000)</span><span>  </span></span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="78" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">#define SNDRV_DEV_TOPLEVEL ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0)
#define SNDRV_DEV_CONTROL ((__force snd_device_type_t) 1)
#define SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL_PRE ((__force snd_device_type_t) 2)
#define SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL_NORMAL ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1000)
#define SNDRV_DEV_PCM ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1001)
#define SNDRV_DEV_RAWMIDI ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1002)
#define SNDRV_DEV_TIMER ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1003)
#define SNDRV_DEV_SEQUENCER ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1004)
#define SNDRV_DEV_HWDEP ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1005)
#define SNDRV_DEV_INFO ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1006)
#define SNDRV_DEV_BUS ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1007)
#define SNDRV_DEV_CODEC ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1008)
#define SNDRV_DEV_JACK ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x1009)
#define SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL ((__force snd_device_type_t) 0x2000)</textarea> </p>
<p> 通常，我们更关心的是pcm和control这两种设备。</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="t3" target="_blank"></a>三.  驱动的代码文件结构</h2>
<p>    在Linux2.6代码树中，Alsa的代码文件结构如下：</p>
<p>    sound<br>
            /core<br>
                     /oss<br>
                    /seq<br>
            /ioctl32<br>
            /include<br>
            /drivers<br>
            /i2c<br>
            /synth<br>
                    /emux<br>
            /pci<br>
                    /(cards)<br>
            /isa<br>
                    /(cards)<br>
            /arm<br>
            /ppc<br>
            /sparc<br>
            /usb<br>
            /pcmcia /(cards)<br>
            /oss<br>
            /soc<br>
                    /codecs</p>
<ul>
<li>core               该目录包含了ALSA驱动的中间层，它是整个ALSA驱动的核心部分 </li><li>core/oss        包含模拟旧的OSS架构的PCM和Mixer模块 </li><li>core/seq        有关音序器相关的代码 </li><li>include          ALSA驱动的公共头文件目录，该目录的头文件需要导出给用户空间的应用程序使用，通常，驱动模块私有的头文件不应放置在这里 </li><li> drivers           放置一些与CPU、BUS架构无关的公用代码 </li><li>i2c                 ALSA自己的I2C控制代码 </li><li>pci                 pci声卡的顶层目录，子目录包含各种pci声卡的代码 </li><li>isa                 isa声卡的顶层目录，子目录包含各种isa声卡的代码 </li><li>soc                针对system-on-chip体系的中间层代码 </li><li>soc/codecs    针对soc体系的各种codec的代码，与平台无关 </li></ul>
<p> </p>

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