python中的迭代器用起来非常灵巧,不仅可以迭代序列,也可以迭代表现出序列行为的对象,例如字典的键、一个文件的行,等等。
迭代器就是有一个next()方法的对象,而不是通过索引来计数。当使用一个循环机制需要下一个项时,调用迭代器的next()方法,迭代完后引发一个StopIteration异常。 但是迭代器只能向后移动、不能回到开始、再次迭代只能创建另一个新的迭代对象。 反序迭代工具:reversed()将返回一个反序访问的迭代器。python中提供的迭代模块:itertools模块
先看几个例子:
>>> l=[2,3,4] >>> iterl=iter(l) >>> iterl.next() 2 >>> iterl.next() 3 >>> iterl.next() 4 >>> iterl.next() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> StopIteration
>>> d={'one':1,'two':2,'three':3} >>> d {'three': 3, 'two': 2, 'one': 1} >>> iterd=iter(d) #字典的迭代器会遍历字典的键(key) >>> iterd.next() 'three' >>> iterd.next() 'two' >>> iterd.next() 'one' >>> iterd.next() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> StopIteration
下面查看iter()函数的帮助信息:
>>> help(iter)
Help on built-in function iter in module __builtin__: iter(...) iter(collection) -> iterator iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must supply its own iterator, or be a sequence. In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.
iter()函数有两种用法,一种是传一个参数,一种是传两个参数。结果都是返回一个iterator对象。
所谓的iterator对象,就是有个next()方法的对象。next方法的惯例或约定(convention)是,每执行一次就返回下一个值(因此它要自己记录状态,通常是在iterator对象上记录),直到没有值的时候raiseStopIteration。
传1个参数:参数collection应是一个容器,支持迭代协议(即定义有__iter__()函数),或者支持序列访问协议(即定义有__getitem__()函数),否则会返回TypeError异常。
传2个参数:当第二个参数sentinel出现时,参数callable应是一个可调用对象(实例),即定义了__call__()方法,当枚举到的值等于哨兵时,就会抛出异常StopIteration。
>>> s='abc' #s支持序列访问协议,它有__getitem__()方法
>>> help(str.__getitem__) Help on wrapper_descriptor: __getitem__(...) x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
>>> s.__getitem__(1) 'b' >>> s[1] 'b'
>>> iters=iter(s) #iters是一个iterator对象,它有next()和__iter__()方法 >>> iters1=iters.__iter__() >>> iters2=iter(iters) >>> iters <iterator object at 0x030612D0> >>> iters1 <iterator object at 0x030612D0> >>> iters2 <iterator object at 0x030612D0>
iters iters1 iters2 是同一个迭代器!! >>> iters.next() 'a' >>> iters.next() 'b' >>> iters.next() 'c' >>> iters.next() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> StopIteration
>>> class test: # test 类支持迭代协议,因为它定义有__iter__()函数 ... def __iter__(self): ... print '__iter__ is called!' ... self.result=[1,2,3] ... return iter(self.result) ... >>> t=test() # t支持迭代协议
>>> for i in t: #当执行for i in t 时,实际上是调用了t.__iter__(),也就是__iter__(t),返回一个iterator对象 ... print i, ... __iter__ is called! 1 2 3
>>> for i in t.__iter__(): print i, __iter__ is called!! 1 2 3 >>> for i in test.__iter__(t): print i, __iter__ is called!! 1 2 3
>>> l=[1,2,3] >>> for i in l: ... print i, ... 1 2 3
#上述for循环实际上是这样工作的(for循环会自动调用迭代器的next()方法),如下:
>>> iterl=iter(l) >>> while True: ... try: ... i=iterl.next() ... except StopIteration: ... break ... print i, ... 1 2 3
>>> f=open(r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\test.txt','w') >>> f.writelines(['love python\n','hello python\n','love python\n']) >>> f.close() >>> f=open(r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\test.txt','r') >>> for line in f: # 文件对象生成的迭代器会自动调用readline()方法,这样循环遍历就可以访问文本文件的所有行 ... print line[:-1] ... love python hello python love python
上述for循环部分功能与以下代码一致:
>>> while True: ... line=f.readline() ... if line!='': ... print line[:-1] ... else: ... break ... love python hello python love python
>>> f=open(r'C:\Users\91135\Desktop\test.txt','r') >>> f.readlines() ['love python\n', 'hello python\n', '\n', 'love python\n'] >>> f.seek(0) >>> f.next() 'love python\n' >>> f.next() 'hello python\n' >>> f.next() '\n' >>> f.next() 'love python\n' >>> f.next() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#140>", line 1, in <module> f.next() StopIteration >>> f.seek(0) >>> it1=iter(f) >>> it2=f.__iter__()
f iter1 iter2 三者是同一个对象!!! >>> f <open file 'C:\\Users\\91135\\Desktop\\test.txt', mode 'r' at 0x030E9A70> >>> it1 <open file 'C:\\Users\\91135\\Desktop\\test.txt', mode 'r' at 0x030E9A70> >>> it2 <open file 'C:\\Users\\91135\\Desktop\\test.txt', mode 'r' at 0x030E9A70> >>> f.next() 'love python\n' >>> it1.next() 'hello python\n' >>> next(it2) '\n' >>> next(f) 'love python\n' >>> next(f) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#247>", line 1, in <module> next(f) StopIteration >>> it1.next() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#248>", line 1, in <module> it1.next() StopIteration >>> it2.next() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#249>", line 1, in <module> it2.next() StopIteration
iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator 如果是传递两个参数给 iter() , 第一个参数必须是callable ,它会重复地调用第一个参数, 直到迭代器的下个值等于sentinel:即在之后的迭代之中,迭代出来sentinel就立马停止。 关于Python中,啥是可调用的,可以参考:python callable()函数 >>> class IT(object): def __init__(self): self.l=[1,2,3,4,5] self.i=iter(self.l) def __call__(self): #定义了__call__方法的类的实例是可调用的 item=next(self.i) print "__call__ is called,which would return",item return item def __iter__(self): #支持迭代协议(即定义有__iter__()函数) print "__iter__ is called!!" return iter(self.l) >>> it=IT() #it是可调用的 >>> it1=iter(it,3) #it必须是callable的,否则无法返回callable_iterator >>> callable(it) True >>> it1 <callable-iterator object at 0x0306DD90> >>> for i in it1: print i __call__ is called,which would return 1 1 __call__ is called,which would return 2 2 __call__ is called,which would return 3 可以看到传入两个参数得到的it1的类型是一个callable_iterator,它每次在调用的时候,都会调用__call__函数,并且最后输出3就停止了。 >>> it2=iter(it) __iter__ is called!! >>> it2 <listiterator object at 0x030A1FD0> >>> for i in it2: print i, 1 2 3 4 5 与it1相比,it2就简单的多,it把自己类中一个容器的迭代器返回就可以了。 上面的例子只是为了介绍iter()函数传两个参数的功能而写,如果真正想写一个iterator的类,还需要定义next函数,这个函数每次返回一个值就可以实现迭代了。 >>> class Next(): def __init__(self,data=825): self.data=data def __iter__(self): return self def next(self): print "next is called!!" if self.data>828: raise StopIteration else: self.data+=1 return self.data >>> for i in Next(): print i next is called!! 826 next is called!! 827 next is called!! 828 next is called!! 829 next is called!! >>> for i in Next(826): print i next is called!! 827 next is called!! 828 next is called!! 829 next is called!! >>> 唯一需要注意下的就是next中必须控制iterator的结束条件,不然就死循环了。
>>> it=Next() >>> it.__iter__() <__main__.Next instance at 0x02E75F80> >>> Next.__iter__(it) <__main__.Next instance at 0x02E75F80> >>> iter(it) <__main__.Next instance at 0x02E75F80> >>> it <__main__.Next instance at 0x02E75F80>
>>> it=Next() >>> it.next() next is called!! 826 >>> next(it) next is called!! 827 >>> Next.next(it) next is called!! 828 >>> next(it) next is called!! 829 >>> it.next() next is called!! Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#68>", line 1, in <module> it.next() File "<pyshell#1>", line 9, in next raise StopIteration StopIteration
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