String COW 写时复制

String 类Copy_On_Write 技术实现： 申请堆空间时额外申请sizeof(cahr)大小空间用于保存引用计数值
Proxy 模式区别operator[]运算符的write(引用计数自减) , read情况 —Effective C++

自定义一个String 类

/*
    String 类Copy_On_Write 技术实现： 申请堆空间时而外申请sizeof(cahr)大小空间用于保存引用计数值

    Proxy 模式区别operator[]运算符的write(引用计数自减) , read情况  ————Effective C++
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

class String{
public:
    class CharProxy;         //代理类 可以设置为友元

    String();
    ~String();
    String(const char* pstr);

    String(const String &rhs);            //2种复制语义
    String & operator = (const String & rhs);

    CharProxy operator[] (size_t idx);    //重载[]
    //char & operator[](size_t idx);    //原重载的方式  返回char 类型的引用

    friend std::ostream & operator<< (std::ostream &os ,const String &rhs);

    const char* c_str() const{
        return _pstr;
    }
    size_t size() const{
        return strlen(_pstr);
    }
    size_t refcount() const{         //获取引用计数值
        return _pstr[size()+1];
    }

private:
    void initRefcount(){             //引用计数的相关函数
        _pstr[(size()+1)] = 1;
    }
    void increaseRefcount(){
        ++ _pstr[size()+1];
    }
    void decreaseRefcount(){
        -- _pstr[size()+1];
    }
    char * _pstr;
};

String::String()
:_pstr(new char [2]){
    //cout << "string()" << endl;
    initRefcount();
}

String::String(const char * pstr)
:_pstr(new char[strlen(pstr) + 2]){
    //cout << "String(const char *)" << endl;
    strcpy(_pstr,pstr);
    initRefcount();               //strcopy,初始化refcount=1
}

String::String(const String & rhs)
:_pstr(rhs._pstr){      //复制语义->浅拷贝->rhs指针赋值
    increaseRefcount();
}

String & String::operator = (const String &rhs){
    if(this != &rhs){
        decreaseRefcount();
        if(refcount() == 0){    //只有当this->refcount变为0时，才去回收左操作数的空间
            delete [] _pstr;
            cout<< "delete left _pstr" << endl;
        }
        _pstr = rhs._pstr;   //复制语义->浅拷贝->rhs指针赋值
        increaseRefcount();
    }
    return *this;       //注意返回值
}

String::~String(){
    decreaseRefcount();
    if(refcount()==0){
        delete [] _pstr;
        cout<< "~String" << endl;
    }
}

std::ostream & operator<< (std::ostream & os,const String &rhs){
    os << rhs._pstr;
    return os;
}



//*************************************CharProxy定义
class String::CharProxy{
public:
    CharProxy(String &, int );
    CharProxy & operator=(const char &);
    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &os, const CharProxy &rhs)
    {
        return os << rhs._mystr.c_str()[rhs._idx];    //避免 _mystr[idx]递归;
    }
private:
    String & _mystr;     //********传递一个引用!!!! 代理类不需要析构函数
    size_t _idx;
};

String::CharProxy::CharProxy(String & mystr, int idx)
:_mystr(mystr)
,_idx(idx){
    cout<<"String::CharProxy::CharProxy(String & mystr, int idx)() ok"<<endl;
}

String::CharProxy & String::CharProxy::operator=(const char & c){
    if(_idx < _mystr.size()){
        if(_mystr.refcount()>1){          //待更新的str多个引用时
            _mystr.decreaseRefcount();
            char * ptmp = new char[_mystr.size()+2];
            strcpy(ptmp,_mystr._pstr);

            _mystr._pstr=ptmp;          //浅拷贝,同一块堆区
            _mystr.initRefcount();
        }
        _mystr._pstr[_idx]=c;  //写更新
    }
    return (*this);
}

//保证CharProxy定义complete  string operator需要在最后
String::CharProxy String::operator[] (size_t idx){

     return CharProxy(*this , idx);
}

int main(int argc,char** argv){
    //*****************************************************测试复制语义
    String str1;
    String str2("hello,world");
    String str3(str2);
    cout << "str1 = " << str2 << endl;
    cout << "str2 = " << str2 << endl;
    cout << "str3 = " << str3 << endl;
    cout << "str1's refcount = " << str1.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str2's refcount = " << str2.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str3's refcount = " << str3.refcount() << endl;
    printf("&str1 = %p\n", str3.c_str());
    printf("&str2 = %p\n", str2.c_str());
    printf("&str3 = %p\n", str3.c_str());
    cout<<"----------------------------------"<<endl;
    str1 = str2;                       //str2 str3指向的字符串 引用计数+1
    cout << "str1 = " << str2 << endl;
    cout << "str2 = " << str2 << endl;
    cout << "str3 = " << str3 << endl;
    cout << "str1's refcount = " << str2.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str2's refcount = " << str2.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str3's refcount = " << str3.refcount() << endl;
    printf("&str1 = %p\n", str3.c_str());
    printf("&str2 = %p\n", str2.c_str());
    printf("&str3 = %p\n", str3.c_str());
    cout<<"----------------------------------"<<endl;
    String str4 = "wangdao";
    String str5(str4);         //此时str4引用计数=2
    str4=str2;                  //此时str2 的引用计数=4
    cout << "str2 = " << str2 << endl;
    cout << "str4 = " << str4 << endl;
    cout << "str5 = " << str5 << endl;
    cout << "str2's refcount = " << str2.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str4's refcount = " << str4.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str5's refcount = " << str5.refcount() << endl;
    printf("&str2 = %p\n", str2.c_str());
    printf("&str4 = %p\n", str4.c_str());
    printf("&str5 = %p\n", str5.c_str());
    //*************************************************测试operator [] 写操作
    cout<<"----------------------------------"<<endl;
    str1[0] = 'X';
    cout << "str1 = " << str1 << endl;
    cout << "str2 = " << str2 << endl;
    cout << "str3 = " << str3 << endl;
    cout << "str4 = " << str4 << endl;
    cout << "str1's refcount = " << str1.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str2's refcount = " << str2.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str3's refcount = " << str3.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str4's refcount = " << str4.refcount() << endl;
    printf("&str1 = %p\n", str1.c_str());
    printf("&str2 = %p\n", str2.c_str());
    printf("&str3 = %p\n", str3.c_str());
    printf("&str4 = %p\n", str4.c_str());
    //*************************************************测试operator [] 读操作
    cout<<"----------------------------------"<<endl;
    cout<<"read str2[0]"<<str2[0]<<endl;       //read str[2] 不会发生COW情况 refcout 不改变
    cout << "str1 = " << str1 << endl;
    cout << "str2 = " << str2 << endl;
    cout << "str3 = " << str3 << endl;
    cout << "str4 = " << str4 << endl;
    cout << "str1's refcount = " << str1.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str2's refcount = " << str2.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str3's refcount = " << str3.refcount() << endl;
    cout << "str4's refcount = " << str4.refcount() << endl;
    printf("&str1 = %p\n", str1.c_str());
    printf("&str2 = %p\n", str2.c_str());
    printf("&str3 = %p\n", str3.c_str());
    printf("&str4 = %p\n", str4.c_str());

    return 0;

}

/*
    1.思考 private static 来保存引用计数值的错误设计
    2.String 重载[]但是无法进行左值、右值判断。=》只返回代理类对象，将左值右值判断放入代理类内部,再次重载代理类的 operator<<（右值情况）与 operator=（左值情况）
*/