Word Puzzles(字典树)

本文介绍了一种使用字典树解决Word Puzzles问题的方法。通过为单词建立字典树,并在单词末尾记录编号,然后进行全图暴力搜索,从每个节点出发,探索八个方向以找到匹配的单词。

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Description

Word puzzles are usually simple and very entertaining for all ages. They are so entertaining that Pizza-Hut company started using table covers with word puzzles printed on them, possibly with the intent to minimise their client's perception of any possible delay in bringing them their order. 

Even though word puzzles may be entertaining to solve by hand, they may become boring when they get very large. Computers do not yet get bored in solving tasks, therefore we thought you could devise a program to speedup (hopefully!) solution finding in such puzzles. 

The following figure illustrates the PizzaHut puzzle. The names of the pizzas to be found in the puzzle are: MARGARITA, ALEMA, BARBECUE, TROPICAL, SUPREMA, LOUISIANA, CHEESEHAM, EUROPA, HAVAIANA, CAMPONESA. 

Your task is to produce a program that given the word puzzle and words to be found in the puzzle
Chapter 2 Magic coins example. magic_coins1.py Chapter 3 Favourite sports. favourite_sports.py Furniture placeholder. furniture_placeholder.py A list of lists. list_of_lists.py A letter from Malcolm Dithering dithering_letter.py Escaping quotes quote_escaping.py The Wizard List wizard_list.py Chapter 4 The turtle draws a square. turtle1.py The turtle draws two parallel lines. turtle2.py Chapter 5 If statements if_statements.py Conditions in if-statements. conditions.py Else-if (elif) statements. elif_statements.py Strings and numbers. strings_and_numbers.py Chapter 6 Five Hellos. five_hellos.py Huge hairy pants (example 1). huge_hairy_pants1.py Huge hairy pants (example 2). huge_hairy_pants2.py Magic coins (example 2). magic_coins2.py A while-loop with multiple conditions. while_loop_multiple_conditions.py Looping through the wizard list. wizard_list_loop.py Chapter 7 A function to calculate your savings. savings.py Building a spaceship. spaceship_building.py Test function (example 1). test_function1.py Test function (example 2). test_function2.py Your age function. your_age.py Chapter 8 Giraffes (example 1). giraffes1.py Giraffes (example 2). giraffes2.py Three turtles. three_turtles.py Chapter 9 Using the abs (absolute) function. abs_function.py Using the exec (execute) function. exec_function.py Using the len (length) function. len_function.py Using the max and min functions. max_and_min.py Using the range function. range_function.py Using the sum function. range_function.py Opening a file. opening_a_file.py Writing to a file. writing_to_a_file.py Chapter 10 Copying objects (example 1). copying_objects1.py Copying objects (example 2). copying_objects1.py Guess a random number. guess_a_number.py Random desserts. random_desserts.py Using the time module. timing_lots_of_numbers.py Using pickle to save information. pickle_saving.py Using pickle to load information. pickle_loading.py Chapter 11 Drawing an eight point star. eight_point_star.py Drawing a many point star. many_point_star.py Drawing a spiral star. spiral_star.py Drawing a nine point star. nine_point_star.py Drawing a car. car.py Drawing a yellow circle. yellow_circle.py Drawing a filled green circle. green_circle.py Drawing a dark-green circle. dark_green_circle.py Drawing squares using a function. square_function.py Drawing filled and unfilled squares. filled_squares.py Drawing stars using a function. star_function.py Chapter 12 Clickable button (example 1). clickable_button1.py Clickable button (example 2). clickable_button2.py Drawing a diagonal line. diagonal_line.py Drawing a square. square.py Drawing a horizontal rectangle. horizonal_rectangle.py Drawing a vertical rectangle. horizonal_rectangle.py Drawing random rectangles. random_rectangles.py Drawing coloured rectangles. coloured_rectangles.py Using the color chooser. rectangle_colorchooser.py Drawing arcs. drawing_arcs.py Drawing polygons. drawing_polygons.py Drawing text. drawing_text.py Drawing images. drawing_images.py Basic animation (example 1). basic_animation1.py Basic animation (example 2). basic_animation2.py Using events (example 1). using_events1.py Using events (example 2). using_events1.py Using the move function. using_move.py Using the itemconfig function. using_itemconfig.py Chapter 13 Bounce (example 1) - this one doesn't do anything when it's run. bounce1.py Bounce (example 2) - stationary ball. bounce2.py Bounce (example 3) - ball moving upwards. bounce3.py Bounce (example 4) - ball moving up and down. bounce4.py Bounce (example 5) - ball moving around the screen. bounce5.py Chapter 14 Bounce (example 6) - adding the paddle. bounce6.py Bounce (example 7) - moving paddle. bounce6.py Bounce (example 8) - bouncing the ball when it hits the paddle. bounce6.py Bounce (example 9) - ending the game when the ball hits the floor. bounce6.py Chapter 15 Transparent Image - 27 by 30 pixels. transparent-image.gif 6 Stick Figure Images - left and right. stickfigure.zip 3 Platform images. platform.zip 2 Door images. door.zip Background image. background.gif Chapter 16 Stickman Game, version 1 - displaying the background. stickmangame1.py Stickman Game, version 2 - adding the within functions. stickmangame2.py Stickman Game, version 3 - adding the platform. stickmangame3.py Stickman Game, version 4 - adding lots of platforms. stickmangame4.py Chapter 17 Stick figure sprite class. stickfiguresprite.py Stickman Game, version 5 - adding the stick figure. stickmangame5.py Chapter 18 Stickman Game, version 6 - animating the stick figure. stickmangame6.py Stickman Game, version 6 - adding the door sprite. stickmangame7.py Afterword Pygame2 example. pygame-example.py Hello World Java example. HelloWorld.java Hello World C example. helloworld.c Hello World C++ example. helloworld.cpp Hello World C# example. helloworld.cs Hello World PHP example. helloworld.php Hello World Objective-C example. helloworld.m Hello World Perl example. helloworld.pl Hello World Ruby example. helloworld.rb Hello World Javascript example. helloworld.js Hello World Javascript Browser example. helloworld-js.html
### 关于15 Puzzle的游戏与算法实现 #### 什么是15 Puzzle? 15 Puzzle 是一种经典的滑动拼图游戏,通常由一个4×4的网格组成,其中包含15个编号方块和一个空白区域。目标是通过移动相邻的方块到空白位置来重新排列方块至特定的目标状态。 #### 实现思路 为了实现15 Puzzle 游戏及其求解算法,可以采用以下几种技术: 1. **表示棋盘的状态** 使用二维数组来存储当前棋盘的状态是一种常见的做法[^2]。例如: ```java int[][] board = new int[4][4]; ``` 2. **定义合法操作** 需要找到空白格的位置并允许上下左右四个方向上的有效移动。可以通过遍历二维数组定位空白格索引,并判断其周围是否有可交换的方块。 3. **启发式搜索算法** 常见的解决方法包括广度优先搜索(BFS) 和 A* 搜索算法。A* 算法利用了曼哈顿距离(Manhattan Distance)[^1] 或者汉明距离(Hamming Distance),作为评估函数的一部分,从而更高效地探索可能的路径。 - 曼哈顿距离计算方式如下: 对于任意两个坐标 `(x1, y1)` 和 `(x2, y2)`, \[ d_{\text{manhattan}} = |x_1-x_2| + |y_1-y_2| \] - 汉明距离则简单统计不在正确位置上的方块数量。 4. **代码示例** 下面是一个简单的 Java 类 `Board` 来描述如何初始化以及计算曼哈顿距离的方法片段: ```java public class Board { private final int[][] tiles; public Board(int[][] tiles) { this.tiles = copyTiles(tiles); } // 计算曼哈顿距离 public int manhattan() { int distance = 0; for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) { for (int j = 0; j < size(); j++) { if (tiles[i][j] != 0 && !isCorrectPosition(i, j)) { Point goalPos = getGoalPosition(tiles[i][j]); distance += Math.abs(goalPos.x - i) + Math.abs(goalPos.y - j); } } } return distance; } private boolean isCorrectPosition(int row, int col){ int value = tiles[row][col]; if(value == 0) return true; int expectedRow = (value - 1)/size(); int expectedCol = (value - 1)%size(); return row == expectedRow && col == expectedCol; } private Point getGoalPosition(int tileValue){ int targetX = (tileValue - 1)/size(); int targetY = (tileValue - 1)%size(); return new Point(targetX,targetY); } private static class Point{ int x,y; Point(int x,int y){this.x=x;this.y=y;} } private int[][] copyTiles(int[][] original){ int N=original.length; int [][] result=new int[N][N]; for(int i=0;i<N;i++) System.arraycopy(original[i],0,result[i],0,N); return result; } public int size(){ return tiles.length; } } ``` #### 可能遇到的技术难点 - 如何有效地管理邻居节点?这涉及到返回一组迭代器对象的问题,正如在参考资料中提到的一样,任何实现了 Iterable 接口的数据结构都可以被用来保存这些邻接关系。 - 数据编码问题:如果涉及多张图像或者复杂文件格式处理,则需要注意特殊字符序列如 `[FF] XOR [XX]` 这样的转换逻辑[^3]。 #### 总结 综上所述,构建一个完整的15 Puzzle 应用程序不仅需要良好的数据结构设计能力,还需要掌握一定的图形界面开发技巧以及优化搜索策略的知识点。上述内容提供了基础框架指导,具体细节还需依据实际需求进一步完善。
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