1. 概述
Linux系统在访问设备的时候,存在以下几种IO模型:
Blocking IO Model,阻塞IO模型;
Nonblocking I/O Model,非阻塞IO模型;
I/O Multiplexing Model,IO多路复用模型;
Signal Driven I/O Model,信号驱动IO模型;
Asynchronous I/O Model,异步IO模型;
今天我们来分析下IO多路复用机制,在Linux中是通过select/poll/epoll机制来实现的。
先看一下阻塞IO模型与非阻塞IO模型的特点:
阻塞IO模型:在IO访问的时候,如果条件没有满足,会将当前任务切换出去,等到条件满足时再切换回来。
缺点:阻塞IO操作,会让处于同一个线程的执行逻辑都在阻塞期间无法执行,这往往意味着需要创建单独的线程来交互。
非阻塞IO模型:在IO访问的时候,如果条件没有满足,直接返回,不会block该任务的后续操作。
缺点:非阻塞IO需要用户一直轮询操作,轮询可能会来带CPU的占用问题。
对单个设备IO操作时,问题并不严重,如果有多个设备呢?比如,在服务器中,监听多个Client的收发处理,这时候IO多路复用就显得尤为重要了,来张图:
如果这个图,让你有点迷惑,那就像个男人一样,man一下select/poll函数吧:
select:
poll
简单来说,select/poll能监听多个设备的文件描述符,只要有任何一个设备满足条件,select/poll就会返回,否则将进行睡眠等待。看起来,select/poll像是一个管家了,统一负责来监听处理了。
已经迫不及待来看看原理了,由于底层的机制大体差不多,我将选择select来做进一步分析。
2. 原理
2.1 select系统调用
从select的系统调用开始:
select系统调用,最终的核心逻辑是在do_select函数中处理的,参考fs/select.c文件;
do_select函数中,有几个关键的操作:
初始化poll_wqueues结构,包括几个关键函数指针的初始化,用于驱动中进行回调处理;
循环遍历监测的文件描述符,并且调用f_op->poll()函数,如果有监测条件满足,则会跳出循环;
在监测的文件描述符都不满足条件时,poll_schedule_timeout让当前进程进行睡眠,超时唤醒,或者被所属的等待队列唤醒;
do_select函数的循环退出条件有三个:
检测的文件描述符满足条件;
超时;
有信号要处理;
在设备驱动程序中实现的 poll()函数,会在 do_select()中被调用,而驱动中的 poll()函数,需要调用 poll_wait()函数, poll_wait函数本身很简单,就是去回调函数 p->_qproc(),这个回调函数正是 poll_initwait()函数中初始化的 __pollwait();
所以,来看看__pollwait()函数喽。
2.2 __pollwait
驱动中的poll_wait函数回调__pollwait,这个函数完成的工作是向struct poll_wqueue结构中添加一条poll_table_entry;
poll_table_entry中包含了等待队列的相关数据结构;
对等待队列的相关数据结构进行初始化,包括设置等待队列唤醒时的回调函数指针,设置成pollwake;
将任务添加到驱动程序中的等待队列中,最终驱动可以通过wake_up_interruptile等接口来唤醒处理;
这一顿操作,其实就是驱动向select维护的struct poll_wqueue中注册,并将调用select的任务添加到驱动的等待队列中,以便在合适的时机进行唤醒。所以,本质上来说,这是基于等待队列的机制来实现的。
是不是还有点抽象,来看看数据结构的组织关系吧。
2.3 数据结构关系
调用select系统调用的进程/线程,会维护一个struct poll_wqueues结构,其中两个关键字段:
pll_table:该结构体中的函数指针_qproc指向__pollwait函数;
struct poll_table_entry[]:存放不同设备的poll_table_entry,这些条目的增加是在驱动调用poll_wait->__pollwait()时进行初始化并完成添加的;
2.4 驱动编写启示
如果驱动中要支持select的接口调用,那么需要做哪些事情呢?如果理解了上文中的内容,你会毫不犹豫的大声说出以下几条:
定义一个等待队列头wait_queue_head_t,用于收留等待队列任务;
struct file_operations结构体中的poll函数需要实现,比如xxx_poll();
xxx_poll()函数中,当然不要忘了poll_wait函数的调用了,此外,该函数的返回值mask需要注意是在条件满足时对应的值,比如EPOLLIN/EPOLL/EPOLLERR等,这个返回值是在do_select()函数中会去判断处理的;
条件满足的时候,wake_up_interruptible唤醒任务,当然也可以使用wake_up,区别是:wake_up_interruptible只能唤醒处于TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE状态的任务,而wake_up能唤醒处于TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE和TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE状态的任务;
2.5 select/poll的差异
select与poll本质上基本类似,其中select是由BSD UNIX引入,poll由SystemV引入;
select与poll需要轮询文件描述符集合,并在用户态和内核态之间进行拷贝,在文件描述符很多的情况下开销会比较大,select默认支持的文件描述符数量是1024;
Linux提供了epoll机制,改进了select与poll在效率与资源上的缺点,未深入了解;
3. 示例代码
3.1 内核驱动
示例代码中的逻辑:
驱动维护一个count值,当count值大于0时,表明条件满足,poll返回正常的mask值;
poll函数每执行一次,count值就减去一次;
count的值可以由用户通过ioctl来进行设置;
#include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define POLL_DEV_NAME "poll"#define POLL_MAGIC 'P'#define POLL_SET_COUNT (_IOW(POLL_MAGIC, 0, unsigned int))struct poll_dev { struct cdev cdev; struct class *class; struct device *device; wait_queue_head_t wq_head; struct mutex poll_mutex; unsigned int count; dev_t devno;};struct poll_dev *g_poll_dev = NULL;static int poll_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp){ filp->private_data = g_poll_dev; return 0;}static int poll_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp){ return 0;}static unsigned int poll_poll(struct file *filp, struct poll_table_struct *wait){ unsigned int mask = 0; struct poll_dev *dev = filp->private_data; mutex_lock(&dev->poll_mutex); poll_wait(filp, &dev->wq_head, wait); if (dev->count > 0) { mask |= POLLIN | POLLRDNORM; /* decrease each time */ dev->count--; } mutex_unlock(&dev->poll_mutex); return mask;}static long poll_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg){ struct poll_dev *dev = filp->private_data; unsigned int cnt; switch (cmd) { case POLL_SET_COUNT: mutex_lock(&dev->poll_mutex); if (copy_from_user(&cnt, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { pr_err("copy_from_user fail:%d\n", __LINE__); return -EFAULT; } if (dev->count == 0) { wake_up_interruptible(&dev->wq_head); } /* update count */ dev->count += cnt; mutex_unlock(&dev->poll_mutex); break; default: return -EINVAL; } return 0;}static struct file_operations poll_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .open = poll_open, .release = poll_close, .poll = poll_poll, .unlocked_ioctl = poll_ioctl, .compat_ioctl = poll_ioctl,};static int __init poll_init(void){ int ret; if (g_poll_dev == NULL) { g_poll_dev = (struct poll_dev *)kzalloc(sizeof(struct poll_dev), GFP_KERNEL); if (g_poll_dev == NULL) { pr_err("struct poll_dev allocate fail\n"); return -1; } } /* allocate device number */ ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&g_poll_dev->devno, 0, 1, POLL_DEV_NAME); if (ret < 0) { pr_err("alloc_chrdev_region fail:%d\n", ret); goto alloc_chrdev_err; } /* set char-device */ cdev_init(&g_poll_dev->cdev, &poll_fops); g_poll_dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; ret = cdev_add(&g_poll_dev->cdev, g_poll_dev->devno, 1); if (ret < 0) { pr_err("cdev_add fail:%d\n", ret); goto cdev_add_err; } /* create device */ g_poll_dev->class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, POLL_DEV_NAME); if (IS_ERR(g_poll_dev->class)) { pr_err("class_create fail\n"); goto class_create_err; } g_poll_dev->device = device_create(g_poll_dev->class, NULL, g_poll_dev->devno, NULL, POLL_DEV_NAME); if (IS_ERR(g_poll_dev->device)) { pr_err("device_create fail\n"); goto device_create_err; } mutex_init(&g_poll_dev->poll_mutex); init_waitqueue_head(&g_poll_dev->wq_head); return 0;device_create_err: class_destroy(g_poll_dev->class);class_create_err: cdev_del(&g_poll_dev->cdev);cdev_add_err: unregister_chrdev_region(g_poll_dev->devno, 1);alloc_chrdev_err: kfree(g_poll_dev); g_poll_dev = NULL; return -1;}static void __exit poll_exit(void){ cdev_del(&g_poll_dev->cdev); device_destroy(g_poll_dev->class, g_poll_dev->devno); unregister_chrdev_region(g_poll_dev->devno, 1); class_destroy(g_poll_dev->class); kfree(g_poll_dev); g_poll_dev = NULL;}module_init(poll_init);module_exit(poll_exit);MODULE_DESCRIPTION("select/poll test");MODULE_AUTHOR("LoyenWang");MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
#include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define POLL_DEV_NAME "poll"#define POLL_MAGIC 'P'#define POLL_SET_COUNT (_IOW(POLL_MAGIC, 0, unsigned int))struct poll_dev { struct cdev cdev; struct class *class; struct device *device; wait_queue_head_t wq_head; struct mutex poll_mutex; unsigned int count; dev_t devno;};struct poll_dev *g_poll_dev = NULL;static int poll_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp){ filp->private_data = g_poll_dev; return 0;}static int poll_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp){ return 0;}static unsigned int poll_poll(struct file *filp, struct poll_table_struct *wait){ unsigned int mask = 0; struct poll_dev *dev = filp->private_data; mutex_lock(&dev->poll_mutex); poll_wait(filp, &dev->wq_head, wait); if (dev->count > 0) { mask |= POLLIN | POLLRDNORM; /* decrease each time */ dev->count--; } mutex_unlock(&dev->poll_mutex); return mask;}static long poll_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg){ struct poll_dev *dev = filp->private_data; unsigned int cnt; switch (cmd) { case POLL_SET_COUNT: mutex_lock(&dev->poll_mutex); if (copy_from_user(&cnt, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) { pr_err("copy_from_user fail:%d\n", __LINE__); return -EFAULT; } if (dev->count == 0) { wake_up_interruptible(&dev->wq_head); } /* update count */ dev->count += cnt; mutex_unlock(&dev->poll_mutex); break; default: return -EINVAL; } return 0;}static struct file_operations poll_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .open = poll_open, .release = poll_close, .poll = poll_poll, .unlocked_ioctl = poll_ioctl, .compat_ioctl = poll_ioctl,};static int __init poll_init(void){ int ret; if (g_poll_dev == NULL) { g_poll_dev = (struct poll_dev *)kzalloc(sizeof(struct poll_dev), GFP_KERNEL); if (g_poll_dev == NULL) { pr_err("struct poll_dev allocate fail\n"); return -1; } } /* allocate device number */ ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&g_poll_dev->devno, 0, 1, POLL_DEV_NAME); if (ret < 0) { pr_err("alloc_chrdev_region fail:%d\n", ret); goto alloc_chrdev_err; } /* set char-device */ cdev_init(&g_poll_dev->cdev, &poll_fops); g_poll_dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; ret = cdev_add(&g_poll_dev->cdev, g_poll_dev->devno, 1); if (ret < 0) { pr_err("cdev_add fail:%d\n", ret); goto cdev_add_err; } /* create device */ g_poll_dev->class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, POLL_DEV_NAME); if (IS_ERR(g_poll_dev->class)) { pr_err("class_create fail\n"); goto class_create_err; } g_poll_dev->device = device_create(g_poll_dev->class, NULL, g_poll_dev->devno, NULL, POLL_DEV_NAME); if (IS_ERR(g_poll_dev->device)) { pr_err("device_create fail\n"); goto device_create_err; } mutex_init(&g_poll_dev->poll_mutex); init_waitqueue_head(&g_poll_dev->wq_head); return 0;device_create_err: class_destroy(g_poll_dev->class);class_create_err: cdev_del(&g_poll_dev->cdev);cdev_add_err: unregister_chrdev_region(g_poll_dev->devno, 1);alloc_chrdev_err: kfree(g_poll_dev); g_poll_dev = NULL; return -1;}static void __exit poll_exit(void){ cdev_del(&g_poll_dev->cdev); device_destroy(g_poll_dev->class, g_poll_dev->devno); unregister_chrdev_region(g_poll_dev->devno, 1); class_destroy(g_poll_dev->class); kfree(g_poll_dev); g_poll_dev = NULL;}module_init(poll_init);module_exit(poll_exit);MODULE_DESCRIPTION("select/poll test");MODULE_AUTHOR("LoyenWang");MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
3.2 测试代码
测试代码逻辑:
创建一个设值线程,用于每隔2秒来设置一次count值;
主线程调用select函数监听,当设值线程设置了count值后,select便会返回;
#include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include static void *set_count_thread(void *arg){ int fd = *(int *)arg; unsigned int count_value = 1; int loop_cnt = 20; int ret; while (loop_cnt--) { ret = ioctl(fd, NOTIFY_SET_COUNT, &count_value); if (ret < 0) { printf("ioctl set count value fail:%s\n", strerror(errno)); return NULL; } sleep(1); } return NULL;}int main(void){ int fd; int ret; pthread_t setcnt_tid; int loop_cnt = 20; /* for select use */ fd_set rfds; struct timeval tv; fd = open("/dev/poll", O_RDWR); if (fd < 0) { printf("/dev/poll open failed: %s\n", strerror(errno)); return -1; } /* wait up to five seconds */ tv.tv_sec = 5; tv.tv_usec = 0; ret = pthread_create(&setcnt_tid, NULL, set_count_thread, &fd); if (ret < 0) { printf("set_count_thread create fail: %d\n", ret); return -1; } while (loop_cnt--) { FD_ZERO(&rfds); FD_SET(fd, &rfds); ret = select(fd + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv); //ret = select(fd + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, NULL); if (ret == -1) { perror("select()"); break; } else if (ret) printf("Data is available now.\n"); else { printf("No data within five seconds.\n"); } } ret = pthread_join(setcnt_tid, NULL); if (ret < 0) { printf("set_count_thread join fail.\n"); return -1; } close(fd); return 0;}
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原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_39994438/article/details/111290805