经常使用Python连接mysql数据库,我们需要设计一个sqlHelper来方便我们访问mysql数据库,我们使用DBUtils.PooledDB
来创建一个数据库连接池,每次请求从连接池中获取一个数据库连接。
首先安装pymysql
和DBUtils
pip install pymysql==1.0.2
pip install DBUtils==3.0.2
构建SqlHelper
import pymysql
from dbutils.pooled_db import PooledDB
class SqlHelper(object):
def __init__(self):
self.pool = PooledDB(
creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块
maxconnections=6, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的链接,0表示不创建
blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
ping=0,
# ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。# 如:0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested, 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always
host='192.168.171.45',
port=3306,
user='root',
password='123456',
database='vincent',
charset='utf8'
)
def open(self):
conn = self.pool.connection()
cursor = conn.cursor()
return conn,cursor
def close(self,cursor,conn):
cursor.close()
conn.close()
def fetchall(self,sql, *args):
""" 获取所有数据 """
conn,cursor = self.open()
cursor.execute(sql, args)
result = cursor.fetchall()
self.close(conn,cursor)
return result
def fetchone(self,sql, *args):
""" 获取所有数据 """
conn, cursor = self.open()
cursor.execute(sql, args)
result = cursor.fetchone()
self.close(conn, cursor)
return result
def __enter__(self):
return self.open()[1]
def __exit__(self):
pass
db = SqlHelper()
print(db)
测试数据库连接池:
from SqlHelper import db
def task(num):
# 去连接池中获取一个连接
conn,cursor = db.open()
cursor.execute('select sleep(3)') # 在数据库执行3秒钟
result = cursor.fetchall()
cursor.close()
# 将连接放会到连接池
conn.close()
print(num,'------------>',result)
from threading import Thread
for i in range(57):
t = Thread(target=task,args=(i,))
t.start()
我们执行了数据库停顿3秒的sql请求,判断连接池的最大连接数。运行程序输出时,每隔6个会输出一次,可以说明连接池的最大连接数是6个。
with 上下文
我们可以结合with
上下文,来进行优化一下:
def task(num):
with db as cursor:
cursor.excute('select sleep(3)')
result = cursor.fetchall()
from threading import Thread
for i in range(57):
t = Thread(target=task,args=(i,))
t.start()
但是需要注意的是,虽然使用了with
,自动执行了__enter__
赋值给了cursor
,但是在多线程中,如何自动执行close()
,可以使得线程释放连接。因为在多线程下,不加干涉的话,每个线程都会干涉彼此(因为我们上面是单例模式,只有一个对象,彼此会干涉),因此需要一个地方可以标识出当前的线程。
因此需要引入threading.local()
threading.local()
class SqlHelper(object):
def __init__(self):
self.pool = PooledDB(
creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块
maxconnections=6, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的链接,0表示不创建
blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
ping=0,
# ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。# 如:0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested, 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always
host='192.168.171.45',
port=3306,
user='root',
password='123456',
database='vincent',
charset='utf8'
)
self.local = threading.local()
def open(self):
conn = self.pool.connection()
cursor = conn.cursor()
return conn,cursor
def close(self,cursor,conn):
cursor.close()
conn.close()
def fetchall(self,sql, *args):
""" 获取所有数据 """
conn,cursor = self.open()
cursor.execute(sql, args)
result = cursor.fetchall()
self.close(conn,cursor)
return result
def fetchone(self,sql, *args):
""" 获取所有数据 """
conn, cursor = self.open()
cursor.execute(sql, args)
result = cursor.fetchone()
self.close(conn, cursor)
return result
def __enter__(self):
conn, cursor = self.open()
rv = getattr(self.local, 'stack', None)
if not rv:
self.local.stack = [(conn, cursor)]
else:
rv.append((conn, cursor))
self.local.stack = rv
return cursor
def __exit__(self): # 根据不同的线程关闭对应的conn和cursor
rv = getattr(self.local, 'stack', None)
if not rv:
# del self.local.stack
return
conn, cursor = self.local.stack.pop()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
db = SqlHelper()
测试:
def task(num):
with db as cursor:
cursor.excute('select sleep(3)')
result = cursor.fetchall()
from threading import Thread
for i in range(57):
t = Thread(target=task,args=(i,))
t.start()