观察者模式定义:定义了对象之间的一对多依赖,这样一来,当一个对象改变状态时,它的所有依赖者都会收到通知并自动更新。
简单定义:让对象能够在状态改变时被通知。
OO原则:
为了交互对象之间的松耦合设计而努力。
以书中的WeatherStation为例:
Subject.java(定义接口)
package headfirst.observer.weather;
public interface Subject {
public void registerObserver(Observer o);
public void removeObserver(Observer o);
public void notifyObservers();
}
Observer.java
package headfirst.observer.weather;
public interface Observer {
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
}
DisplayElement.java
package headfirst.observer.weather;
public interface DisplayElement {
public void display();
}
WeatherData.java(天气数据类,布告板在此进行注册和删除观察者)
package headfirst.observer.weather;
import java.util.*;
public class WeatherData implements Subject {
private ArrayList<Observer> observers;
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
private float pressure;
public WeatherData() {
observers = new ArrayList<Observer>();
}
public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
observers.add(o);
}
public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
int i = observers.indexOf(o);
if (i >= 0) {
observers.remove(i);
}
}
public void notifyObservers() {
for (int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++) {
Observer observer = (Observer)observers.get(i);
observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
}
}
public void measurementsChanged() {
notifyObservers();
}
public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.humidity = humidity;
this.pressure = pressure;
measurementsChanged();
}
// other WeatherData methods here
public float getTemperature() {
return temperature;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
}
CurrentConditionsDisplay.java(布告板类)
package headfirst.observer.weather;
public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature
+ "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
}
}
StatisticsDisplay.java
package headfirst.observer.weather;
public class StatisticsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float maxTemp = 0.0f;
private float minTemp = 200;
private float tempSum= 0.0f;
private int numReadings;
public StatisticsDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
tempSum += temp;
numReadings++;
if (temp > maxTemp) {
maxTemp = temp;
}
if (temp < minTemp) {
minTemp = temp;
}
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Avg/Max/Min temperature = " + (tempSum / numReadings)
+ "/" + maxTemp + "/" + minTemp);
}
}
ForecastDisplay.java
package headfirst.observer.weather;
public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float currentPressure = 29.92f;
private float lastPressure;
public ForecastDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
lastPressure = currentPressure;
currentPressure = pressure;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.print("Forecast: ");
if (currentPressure > lastPressure) {
System.out.println("Improving weather on the way!");
} else if (currentPressure == lastPressure) {
System.out.println("More of the same");
} else if (currentPressure < lastPressure) {
System.out.println("Watch out for cooler, rainy weather");
}
}
}
测试类:
WeatherStation.java
package headfirst.observer.weather;
public class WeatherStation {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);
weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(82, 70, 29.2f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(78, 90, 29.2f);
}
}
输出:
Current conditions: 80.0F degrees and 65.0% humidity
Avg/Max/Min temperature = 80.0/80.0/80.0
Forecast: Improving weather on the way!
Current conditions: 82.0F degrees and 70.0% humidity
Avg/Max/Min temperature = 81.0/82.0/80.0
Forecast: Watch out for cooler, rainy weather
Current conditions: 78.0F degrees and 90.0% humidity
Avg/Max/Min temperature = 80.0/82.0/78.0
Forecast: More of the same