MEM/MBA英语基础（10）非谓语动词

本系列文章主要讲解 MEM/MBA 英语基础，系列文章总纲链接为：MEM/MBA英语基础

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本章节思维导图如下所示（思维导图会持续迭代）：

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1 非谓语动词概念

2 非谓语动词详解

2.1 动名词

@1 动名词做主语

1. Keeping a sense of humor helps to reduce stress. 保持幽默帮助减压
2. Hating people is like burning down your house to get rid of a rat. 憎恨别人就像为了除掉老鼠而烧毁你的房子。

@2 动名词做表语

My hobby is playing basketball. 我的爱好是打篮球。

@3 动名词做定语

1. Swimming pool 游泳池
2. Washing machine 洗衣机
3. Chewing gum 口香糖

@4 动名词做宾语

1. Do you mind opening the door for me ? 你介意帮我开门吗？
2. Peter, who had been driving all day,suggested stoping at the next town. 彼得开了一整天车，建议到下一个镇停下来。
3. I am looking forward to hearing from you. 我期待着你的消息。
4. I am used to sleeping with the lights on. 我习惯开着灯睡觉。

2.2 分词

2.2.1 分词在句子中的成分

分词充当的成分：分词来源于状语从句和定语从句，分别做状语和定语。

@1 分词做状语：

1. As soon as they saw the teachers, the students stood up. 学生们一看见老师就站了起来。转换为分词形式，则为：Seeing the teachers, the students stood up.
2. Because it has run a long way, it is really tired.  因为它跑了很长一段路，它真的很累。转换为分词形式，则为：Having run a long way, it is really tired.
3. When they were asked about their age, they found it difficult to answer.当他们被问及年龄时，他们发现很难回答。转换为分词形式，则为：Asked about their age, they found it difficult to answer.
4. She is standing in front of windows. She is with tears in her eyes. She is gazing at the distance.  她站在窗前，泪眼朦胧，凝视着远方。 转换为分词形式，为：Standing in front of windows, she is gazing at the distance with tears in the eyes.

注意：分词作状语的条件是逻辑主语一致。

@2 分词做定语：

1. The logo which is lying over there should be about alcohol.那边的标识应该是关于酒精的。转换为分词形式，则为：The logo lying over there should be about alcohol.
2. The man who is driving the car is a green hand. 正在开车的那个人是新手。转换为分词形式，则为：The man driving the car is a green hand.
3. The boy who was laughed by his classmates was crying. 被同学们嘲笑的那个男孩哭了。转换为分词形式，则为：The boy laughed by his classmates was crying.

@3 分词做宾语

1. I saw her walking in the street. 我看见她在街上走。
2. I heard them singing in the bar. 我听见他们在酒吧唱歌。

2.2.2  分词的时态语态

分词中 现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。

@1 现在分词 doing

1. Doing 与主句谓语动词同时发生，或者在其之后发生。比如：Not knowing Japanese，I tried to speak to her in English. 由于不懂日语，我试着用英语和她说话。
2. Having done 先于主句谓语动词发生。比如：Having got used to the smartphone, we don’t want to watch TV.  习惯了智能手机，我们就不想看电视了。
3. being done 表被动进⾏。比如：The question being discussed is important. 正在被讨论的这个问题很重要。
4. having been done表被动，先于主句谓语发生。比如：Not having been told about the time, he was late. 没有被告知时间，他迟到了。

@2 过去分词 done

1. Having been done：Having been bitten twice, I'm afraid of the dog. 被咬了两次，我⾮常怕那只狗。
2. done：Bitten twice, I'm afraid of the dog. 被咬了两次，我⾮常怕那只狗。
3. having been done：The movie having been made by Xu is very successful. 徐峥制作的这部电影非常成功。

4. done：The movie made by Xu is very successful. 徐峥制作的这部电影非常成功。

2.3 不定式

2.3.1 不定式在句子中的成分

词性不确定，充当除谓语以外的其它任何成分。

@1 不定式作主语

1. To see is to believe. 眼见为实
2. To remain yourself is better. 保持自我会更好。等价于 It is better to remain yourself.
3. To master English in a short time is impossible. 在短时间内不可能掌握英语。等价于 It is impossible to master English in a short time.

@2 不定式作表语

His biggest wish is to get rid of procrastination. 他最大的愿望就是摆脱拖延。

@3 不定式作宾语

1. He promised not to tell anybody about it. 他承诺不把这件事，告诉任何人。
2. I believe to make promise to go on a diet after dinner unbelievable. 我认为吃完饭发誓节食不可信。

@4 不定式作宾补

1. Please allow me to introduce myself. 请允许我做个自我介绍。
2. Love has made me （to省略）see things in a different way. 爱使我以不同的方式看待事物。（特例:在let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch, notice 后，不定式要省略 to）。

@5 不定式作状语

1. To point at the chart, the teacher used a broom. 老师用扫帚指着图表。
2. We all live in the past. We take a minute to know someone, one hour to like someone, and one day to love someone, but the whole life to forget someone. 我们都生活在过去。我们每个人都生活在各自的过去 中，人们会用一分钟的时间去认识一个人，用一小时 的时间去喜欢一个人，再用一天的时间去爱上一个 人，到最后呢，却要用一辈子的时间去忘记一个人。

@6 不定式作状语

He could always find a person to play jokes on.  他总能找到一个可以开玩笑的人。

2.3.2  不定式的时态语态

@1 To do：与主句谓语动词同时发生，或者在其之后发生。比如：

We are happy to visit so many historic places in Beijing. 将要参观那么多的名胜古迹，我们感到很⾼兴。

@2 To have done：先于主句谓语动词发生。用在表示打算、需要或计划等动词的过去式后⾯，表示 过去打算做，但是没有实现的动作。比如：

It seems to have rained last night. 昨晚似乎已经下雨了。

@3 To be done 表被动，语态表达为：

It’s an honor for me to be invited to the party. 我很荣幸能被邀请参加晚会