OSI 7-Layer模型是理解一切通信系统的钥匙。
- ITU-T X.200 规范给出的7层模型如下:
Figure 11是Host2Host的理论模型;Figure 12是网络系统协议模型。
- 为什么划分为7层?主要原则如下:
a)Do not create so many layers as to make the system engineering task of describing and integrating the layers more difficult than
necessary.
【翻译】只划分必要层次,否则太多的层次会导致描述和整合更加困难。实际上7层已经过多,同时代的构建的实际网络TCPIP只有4层。
b)Create a boundary at a point where the description of services can be small and the number of interactions across the boundary are
minimized.
【翻译】通过层和层上下之间服务接入点来描述服务,可以实现描述和交互最小化。实际做法中通过专用服务窗口,提高层内耦合,弱化层间耦合。
c)Create separate layers to handle functions that are manifestly different in the process performed or the technology involved.
【翻译】划分新层的根据,新层过程处理或者使用的技术领域明显不同的功能。实际上OSI7层从逻辑上是同一层次,不同的在于功能目的和技术指标要求;比如越是底层越与硬件相耦合,技术上要求对时序的处理更加精准。
d)Collect similar functions into the same layer.
【翻译】类似的功能归入同一层。
e)Select boundaries at a point which past experience has demonstrated to be successful.
【翻译】层与层的边界划分需要参考被证实可行的经验。经验来自实践,理论不能脱离实际。
f)Create a layer of easily localized functions so that the layer could be totally redesigned and its protocols changed in a major way to take advantage of new advances in architectural, hardware or software technology without changing the services expected from and provided to the adjacent layers.
【翻译】新层的功能需要模块化,这样层内功能可以根据架构、硬件和软件技术的发展潮流,进行重新设计、协议升级而能够为临近层提供一致性的服务。新层的设计要考虑到未来的适应性,从而为整个系统提供灵活性。毕竟网络建设投资巨大,要考虑长期服务特性。
g)Create a boundary where it may be useful at some point in time to have the corresponding interface standardized.
【翻译】层与层的边界选择要兼顾有利于及时界面标准化。标准化界面有利于网络系统结构化,降低网络系统复杂度。
h)Create a layer where there is a need for a different level of abstraction in the handling of data, for example morphology, syntax,semantics.
【翻译】创建独立层,用于处理数据的不同抽象层次,例如:词法、语法和语义。这应该就是数据表示层。
j)Allow changes of functions or protocols to be made within a layer without affecting other layers;
【翻译】层内功能和协议的修改不应该影响其他层。分层为解决方案提供竞争空间,使各层独立的演化成为可能。注意,目前X.200中没有i,应该被删除了,这就体现协议中数据块编号来保证可靠传输的效果。
k)create for each layer, boundaries with its upper and lower layer only.
【翻译】每一层只存在上下两个交互边界。
- 具体OSI-7 layer划分应用的上述原则的对照表
,如下图示:
-
子层的划分原则
-
m) Create further subgrouping and organization of functions to form sublayers within a layer in cases where distinct communication services need it.
说明:如果可分离的特定通信服务所需,层内可以划分为子层。 -
n) Create, where needed, two or more sublayers with a common, and therefore minimal functionality to allow interface operation with adjacent layers;
创建层内2个或者多个子层时,需要保持与相邻层间边界操作的最小化。意思是可以创建子层,保持子层之间交互,并确保层和子层的结构化,如果子层与层接口交互太多,就不是子层,而是新的层。 -
p) allow by-passing of sublayers.
层间消息可以不经过被赋予特定功能的子层。
层内递归分为子层的概念十分重要,这就赋予了系统被同一个原则逐渐分解为原子化功能的穿透力。
层内进一步划分为子层的例子,其对照表如下:
子层功能划分说明:
- MAC与物理层紧密结合,主要处理:physical addresses, error-detection codes, and
control information. - LLC主要负责:logical addressing and providing error control and flow control information.
我们已经引入了MAC层的概念,这也是3GPP无线网络的必备层之一。基于本节的介绍,我们下一节继续探讨OSI 7 layer模型与3GPP 无线协议栈的映射历史和关系。