【头歌educoder】离散数学实训参考-第四章-数理逻辑-part2-自然推理系统

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-21 22:12:28 发布

个人意志想

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-21 22:12:28 发布

阅读量1.3k

点赞数 3

文章标签：笔记抽象代数 python

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/wander_alice/article/details/129921699

版权

本着来熟悉python的，遇到这节证明题目，于是尝试以下。较难的题是23题和29题，这两题都使用了导出规则；以及20题会显得吓人。

第一关

左推右、右推左、则左<->右； $L=\overline{A}\, \overline{B}C;R=\overline{B}\, \overline{A}C$ 。

Premise:

Conclusion: (A->(B->C))<->(B->(A->C))

1. A->(B->C),B,A |- A prem

2. A->(B->C),B,A |- B prem

3. A->(B->C),B,A |- A->(B->C) prem

4. A->(B->C),B,A |- B->C imple 1,3

5. A->(B->C),B,A |- C imple 2,4

6. A->(B->C),B |- A->C impli 5

7. A->(B->C) |- B->(A->C) impli 6

8. B->(A->C),A,B |- A prem

9. B->(A->C),A,B |- B prem

10. B->(A->C),A,B |- B->(A->C) prem

11. B->(A->C),A,B |- A->C imple 9,10

12. B->(A->C),A,B |- C imple 8,11

13. B->(A->C),A |- B->C impli 12

14. B->(A->C) |- A->(B->C) impli 13

15. |- (A->(B->C))<->(B->(A->C)) equivi 7,14

第二关

并的交换律； $A\cup B \cup C = A\cup (B\cup C)$ 。

Premise: (A\/B)\/C

Conclusion: A\/(B\/C)

1. A |- A prem

2. A |- A\/(B\/C) ori 1

3. B |- B prem

4. B |- B\/C ori 3

5. B |- A\/(B\/C) ori 4

6. C |- C prem

7. C |- B\/C ori 6

8. C |- A\/(B\/C) ori 7

9. A\/B |- A\/(B\/C) ore 2,5

10. (A\/B)\/C |- A\/(B\/C) ore 9,8

第三关

并的交换律； $A \cup (B\cup C) = A\cup B \cup C$ 。

Premise: A\/(B\/C)

Conclusion: (A\/B)\/C

1. C |- C prem

2. C |- (A\/B)\/C ori 1

3. B |- B prem

4. B |- A\/B ori 3

5. B |- (A\/B)\/C ori 4

6. A |- A prem

7. A |- A\/B ori 6

8. A |- (A\/B)\/C ori 7

9. B\/C |- (A\/B)\/C ore 2,5

10. A\/(B\/C) |- (A\/B)\/C ore 9,8

第四关

命题取反，蕴含指向也取反； $L=\overline{A}\,B;R=\overline{\overline{B}}\,\overline{A}$ 。

Premise:

Conclusion: (A->B)<->(~B -> ~A)

1. A->B,~B,A |- ~B prem

2. A->B,~B,A |- A prem

3. A->B,~B,A |- A->B prem

4. A->B,~B,A |- B imple 2,3

5. A->B,~B |- ~A ni 1,4

6. A->B |- ~B -> ~A impli 5

7. ~B -> ~A,A,~B |- A prem

8. ~B -> ~A,A,~B |- ~B prem

9. ~B -> ~A,A,~B |- ~B -> ~A prem

10 ~B -> ~A,A,~B |- ~A imple 8,9

11 ~B -> ~A,A |- ~(~B) ni 7,10

12. ~B -> ~A,A |- B nne 11

13. ~B -> ~A |- A->B impli 12

14. |- (A->B)<->(~B -> ~A) equivi 6,13

第五关

与自身取反求交； $A\cap\overline{A}$ 永假。

Premise: A/\~A

Conclusion: F

1. A/\~A |- A/\~A prem

2. A/\~A |- A ande 1

3. A/\~A |- ~A ande 1

4. A/\~A |- F ne 2,3

第六关

与自身取反求交； $A\cap\overline{A}$ 永假。

Premise: F

Conclusion: A/\~A

1. F |- F prem

2. F |- ~F fi

3. F |- A/\~A ne 1,2

第七关

$Pe=\overline{A}\,\overline{B}C;Co=\overline{AB}C=(A\overline{B}+\overline{A}B+\overline{A}\,\overline{B})C$ 。

Premise: A->(B->C)

Conclusion: A/\B->C

1. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A/\B prem

2. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A ande 1

3. A->(B->C),A/\B |- B ande 1

4. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A->(B->C) prem

5. A->(B->C),A/\B |- B->C imple 2,4

6. A->(B->C),A/\B |- C imple 3,5

7. A->(B->C) |- A/\B->C impli 6

第八关

$Pr = \overline{AB}C;Co = \overline{A}\,\overline{B}C$ 。

Premise: A/\B->C

Conclusion: A->(B->C)

1. A/\B->C,A,B |- A prem

2. A/\B->C,A,B |- B prem

3. A/\B->C,A,B |- A/\B->C prem

4. A/\B->C,A,B |- A/\B andi 1,2

5. A/\B->C,A,B |- C imple 3,4

6. A/\B->C,A |- B->C impli 5

7. A/\B->C |- A->(B->C) impli 6

第九关

量词，这些题目都是显然的，主要是如何用给定的描述系统写过程。

Premise:(All x)P(x)

Conclusion:(Exist x)P(x)

1. (All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem

2. (All x)P(x) |- P(a) ae 1 (a/x)

3. (All x)P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 2 (a/x)

第十关

Premise: (Exist x)(All y)P(x,y)

Conclusion: (All y)(Exist x)P(x,y)

1. (All y)P(x,y) |- (All y)P(x,y) prem

2. (All y)P(x,y) |- P(x,b) ae 1 (b/y)

3. (All y)P(x,y) |- (Exist x)P(x,b) ei 2 (x/x)

4. (All y)P(x,y) |- (All y)(Exist x)P(x,y) ai 3

5. (Exist x)(All y)P(x,y) |- (All y)(Exist x)P(x,y) lei 4

第十一关

Premise: (All x)P(x)\/(All x)Q(x)

Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)\/Q(x))

1. (All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem

2. (All x)P(x) |- P(b) ae 1 (b/x)

3. (All x)P(x) |- P(b)\/Q(b) ori 2

4. (All x)Q(x) |- (All x)Q(x) prem

5. (All x)Q(x) |- Q(b) ae 4 (b/x)

6. (All x)Q(x) |- P(b)\/Q(b) ori 5

7. (All x)P(x)\/(All x)Q(x) |- P(b)\/Q(b) ore 3,6

8. (All x)P(x)\/(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) ai 7

第十二关

Premise: (All x)(A->P(x))

Conclusion: A->(All x)P(x)

1. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- (All x)(A->P(x)) prem

2. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- A->P(b) ae 1 (b/x)

3. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- A prem

4. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- P(b) imple 3,2

5. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- (All x)P(x) ai 4

6. (All x)(A->P(x)) |- A->(All x)P(x) impli 5

第十三关

Premise: A->(All x)P(x)

Conclusion: (All x)(A->P(x))

1. A->(All x)P(x),A |- A prem

2. A->(All x)P(x),A |- A->(All x)P(x) prem

3. A->(All x)P(x),A |- (All x)P(x) imple 1,2

4. A->(All x)P(x),A |- P(x) ae 3 (x/x)

5. A->(All x)P(x) |- A->P(x) impli 4

6. A->(All x)P(x) |- (All x)(A->P(x)) ai 5

第十四关

Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x))

Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x)

1. P(x) |- P(x) prem

2. Q(x) |- Q(x) prem

3. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 1 (x/x)

4. Q(x) |- (Exist x)Q(x) ei 2 (x/x)

5. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ori 3

6. Q(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ori 4

7. P(x)\/Q(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ore 5,6

8. (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) lei 7

第十五关

Premise: (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x)

Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x))

1. P(x) |- P(x) prem

2. Q(x) |- Q(x) prem

3. P(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 1

4. Q(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 2

5. (Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) eei 3

6. (Exist x)Q(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) eei 4

7. (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) ore 5,6

第十六关

Premise: (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x))

Conclusion: (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x)

1. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x)/\Q(x) prem

2. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x) ande 1

3. P(x)/\Q(x) |- Q(x) ande 1

4. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x) aai 2

5. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)Q(x) aai 3

6. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) andi 4,5

第十七关

Premise: (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x)

Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x))

1. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) prem

2. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)P(x) ande 1

3. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)Q(x) ande 1

4. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- P(t) ae 2 (t/x)

5. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- Q(t) ae 3 (t/x)

6. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- P(t)/\Q(t) andi 4,5

7. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) ai 6

第十八关

Premise: (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x)

Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)->Q(x))

1. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) prem

2. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- P(x) prem

3. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 2 (x/x)

4. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (All x)Q(x) imple 3,1

5. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- Q(x) ae 4 (x/x)

6. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) |- P(x)->Q(x) impli 5

7. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) ai 6

第十九关

Premise: (All x)(P(x)->Q(x))

Conclusion: (All x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x)

1. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem

2. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) prem

3. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- P(x) ae 1 (x/x)

4. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- P(x)->Q(x) ae 2 (x/x)

5. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- Q(x) imple 3,4

6. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)Q(x) ai 5

7. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) impli 6

第二十关

这题目有点吓人，虚张声势；注意ee那条规则运用时，不要出现代替量在前提之类的错误。

Premise: (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y)

Conclusion: (All x)R(x,x)

1. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) prem

2. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (Exist y)R(x,y) ae 1 (x/x)

3. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- R(x,b) prem

4. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)) prem

5. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- (All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)) ae 4 (x/x)

6. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- R(x,b)->R(b,x) ae 5 (b/y)

7. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- R(b,x) imple 3,6

8. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- R(x,b)/\R(b,x) andi 3,7

9. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- (All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)) prem

10. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- (All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)) ae 9 (x/x)

11. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- (All z)(R(x,b)/\R(b,z)->R(x,z)) ae 10 (b/y)

12. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- R(x,b)/\R(b,x)->R(x,x) ae 11 (x/z)

13. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,b) |- R(x,x) imple 8,12

14. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- R(x,x) ee 2,13

15. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (All x)R(x,x) ai 14

第二十一关

应该是叫摩根定律； $\overline{AB}=\overline{A}+\overline{B}$ 。

Premise:

Conclusion: ~(A/\B)<->(~A\/~B)

1. ~A,A/\B |- A/\B prem

2. ~A,A/\B |- A ande 1

3. ~A,A/\B |- ~A prem

4. ~A |- ~(A/\B) ni 2,3

5. ~B,A/\B |- A/\B prem

6. ~B,A/\B |- B ande 5

7. ~B,A/\B |- ~B prem

8. ~B |- ~(A/\B) ni 6,7

9. ~A\/~B |- ~(A/\B) ore 4,8

10. ~(A/\B),A,B |- ~(A/\B) prem

11 ~(A/\B),A,B |- A prem

12. ~(A/\B),A,B |- B prem

13. ~(A/\B),A,B |- A/\B andi 11,12

14. ~(A/\B),A |- ~B ni 10,13

15. ~(A/\B),A |- ~A\/~B ori 14

16. ~(A/\B),~A |- ~A prem

17. ~(A/\B),~A |- ~A\/~B ori 16

18. ~(A/\B) |- ~A\/~B preme 15,17

19. |- ~(A/\B)<->(~A\/~B) equivi 9,18

第二十二关

分配律。

Premise:

Conclusion: A/\(B\/C)<->(A/\B)\/(A/\C)

1. A/\B |- A/\B prem

2. A/\B |- A ande 1

3. A/\B |- B ande 1

4. A/\B |- B\/C ori 3

5. A/\B |- A/\(B\/C) andi 2,4

6. A/\C |- A/\C prem

7. A/\C |- A ande 6

8. A/\C |- C ande 6

9. A/\C |- B\/C ori 8

10. A/\C |- A/\(B\/C) andi 7,9

11. (A/\B)\/(A/\C) |- A/\(B\/C) ore 5,10

12. A/\(B\/C) |- A/\(B\/C) prem

13. A/\(B\/C) |- A ande 12

14. A/\(B\/C) |- B\/C ande 12

15. A/\(B\/C),B |- B prem

16. A/\(B\/C),B |- A premi 13

17. A/\(B\/C),B |- A/\B andi 15,16

18. A/\(B\/C),B |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) ori 17

19. A/\(B\/C),C |- C prem

20. A/\(B\/C),C |- A premi 13

21. A/\(B\/C),C |- A/\C andi 19,20

22. A/\(B\/C),C |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) ori 21

23. A/\(B\/C),B\/C |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) ore 18,22

24. A/\(B\/C) |- (B\/C)->(A/\B)\/(A/\C) impli 23

25. A/\(B\/C) |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) imple 14,24

26. |- A/\(B\/C)<->(A/\B)\/(A/\C) equivi 11,25

第二十三关

分配律2；左边到右边简单，右边到左边困难，使用了给的导出规则。

Premise:

Conclusion: A\/(B/\C)<->(A\/B)/\(A\/C)

1. A |- A prem

2. A |- A\/B ori 1

3. A |- A\/C ori 1

4. A |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) andi 2,3

5. B/\C |- B/\C prem

6. B/\C |- B ande 5

7. B/\C |- C ande 5

8. B/\C |- A\/B ori 6

9. B/\C |- A\/C ori 7

10. B/\C |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) andi 8,9

11. A\/(B/\C) |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) ore 4,10

12. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- ~(A\/B) dr

13. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) prem

14. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- A\/B ande 13

15. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- ~~B ni 12,14

16. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- B nne 15

17. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- ~(A\/C) dr

18. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) prem

19. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- A\/C ande 18

20. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- ~~C ni 17,19

21. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- C nne 20

22. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- B/\C andi 16,21

23. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- A\/(B/\C) ori 22

24. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),A |- A prem

25. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),A |- A\/(B/\C) ori 24

26. (A\/B)/\(A\/C) |- A\/(B/\C) preme 25,23

27. |- A\/(B/\C)<->(A\/B)/\(A\/C) equivi 11,26

第二十四关

与非的并。

Premise:

Conclusion: A\/F<->A

1. A |- A prem

2. F |- F prem

3. F |- ~F fi

4. F |- A ne 2,3

5. A\/F |- A ore 1,4

6. A |- A\/F ori 1

7. |- A\/F<->A equivi 5,6

第二十五关

与是的交。

Premise:

Conclusion: A/\T<->A

1. A/\T |- A/\T prem

2. A/\T |- A ande 1

3. A |- A prem

4. A |- T ti

5. A |- A/\T andi 3,4

6. |- A/\T<->A equivi 2,5

第二十六关

$L=\overline{A}B;R=\overline{A}+B=\overline{A} (B+\overline{B})+(\overline{A}+A)B$ 。

Premise:

Conclusion: (A->B)<->~A\/B

1. B,A |- B prem

2. B |- A->B impli 1

3. ~A,A |- A prem

4. ~A,A |- ~A prem

5. ~A,A |- B ne 3,4

6. ~A |- A->B impli 5

7. ~A\/B |- A->B ore 2,6

8. A->B,A |- A prem

9. A->B,A |- A->B prem

10. A->B,A |- B imple 8,9

11. A->B,A |- ~A\/B ori 10

12. A->B,~A |- ~A prem

13. A->B,~A |- ~A\/B ori 12

14. A->B |- ~A\/B preme 11,13

15. |- (A->B)<->~A\/B equivi 7,14

第二十七关

Premise: ~(A->B)

Conclusion: A

1. ~(A->B),~A,A |- ~A prem

2. ~(A->B),~A,A |- A prem

3. ~(A->B),~A,A |- A->B ne 1,2

4. ~(A->B),~A,A |- B imple 2,3

5. ~(A->B),~A |- A->B impli 4

6. ~(A->B),~A |- ~(A->B) prem

7. ~(A->B) |- ~(~A) ni 5,6

8. ~(A->B) |- A nne 7

第二十八关

Premise: ~(A->B)

Conclusion: ~B

1. ~(A->B),B,A |- B prem

2. ~(A->B),B |- A->B impli 1

3. ~(A->B),B |- ~(A->B) prem

4. ~(A->B) |- ~B ni 2,3

第二十九关

这题的右到左也是用到导出规则，学到的新东西就是把结论的非拿来当前提，然后推出矛盾，也就是反证法。

Premise:

Conclusion: ((Exist x)(C->P(x)))<->(C->(Exist x)P(x))

1. C->P(x),C |- C->P(x) prem

2. C->P(x),C |- C prem

3. C->P(x),C |- P(x) imple 2,1

4. C->P(x),C |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 3 (x/x)

5. C->P(x) |- C->(Exist x)P(x) impli 4

6. (Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- C->(Exist x)P(x) lei 5

7. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)),C |- C prem

8. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)),C |- C->(Exist x)P(x) prem

9. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)),C |- (Exist x)P(x) imple 7,8

10. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) prem

11. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- (All x)(~(C->P(x))) dr

12. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(C->P(x)) ae 11 (x/x)

13. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- C/\~P(x) dr

14. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- C ande 13

15. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~P(x) ande 13

16. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- (All x)(~P(x)) ai 15

17. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(Exist x)P(x) dr

18. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)),C |- ~(Exist x)P(x) premi 17

19. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~C ni 9,18

20. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- ~(~(Exist x)(C->P(x))) ni 14,19

21. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(C->P(x)) nne 20

21. |- ((Exist x)(C->P(x)))<->(C->(Exist x)P(x)) equivi 6,21

第三十关

Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)->C)

Conclusion: (All x)P(x)->C

1. P(x)->C,P(x) |- P(x) prem

2. P(x)->C,P(x) |- P(x)->C prem

3. P(x)->C,P(x) |- C imple 1,2

4. P(x)->C,(All x)P(x) |- C lai 3

5. P(x)->C |- (All x)P(x)->C impli 4

6. (Exist x)(P(x)->C) |- (All x)P(x)->C lei 5

第三十一关

Premise: (All x)P(x)->C

Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)->C)

1. (All x)P(x)->C,P(b) | (All x)P(x)->C prem

2. (All x)P(x)->C,P(b) | P(b) prem

3. (All x)P(x)->C,P(b) | (All x)P(x) ai 2

4. (All x)P(x)->C,P(b) | C imple 1,3

5. (All x)P(x)->C | P(b)->C impli 4

6. (All x)P(x)->C | (Exist x)(P(x)->C) ei 5 (b/x)

第三十二关

Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)\/C)

Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)\/C

1. P(x) |- P(x) prem

2. C |- C prem

3. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 1 (x/x)

4. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ori 3

5. C |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ori 2

6. P(x)\/C |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ore 4,5

7. (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C lei 6

第三十三关

Premise: (Exist x)P(x)\/C

Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)\/C)

1. P(x) |- P(x) prem

2. C |- C prem

3. C |- P(x)\/C ori 2

4. C |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) ei 3 (x/x)

5. P(x) |- P(x)\/C ori 1

6. (Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) eei 5

7. (Exist x)P(x)\/C |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) ore 4,6

第三十四关

Premise: (All x)(P(x)/\C)

Conclusion: (All x)P(x)/\C

1. P(x)/\C |- P(x)/\C prem

2. P(x)/\C |- P(x) ande 1

3. P(x)/\C |- C ande 1

4. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- (All x)P(x) aai 2

5. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- C lai 3

6. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- (All x)P(x)/\C andi 4,5

第三十五关

Premise: (All x)P(x)/\C

Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)/\C)

1. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)P(x)/\C prem

2. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)P(x) ande 1

3. (All x)P(x)/\C |- C ande 1

4. (All x)P(x)/\C |- P(b) ae 2 (b/x)

5. (All x)P(x)/\C |- P(b)/\C andi 3,4

6. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)(P(x)/\C) ai 5

第三十六关

Premise: ~(All x)P(x)

Conclusion: (Exist x)(~P(x))

1. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~(All x)P(x) prem

2. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(b) |- ~(Exist x)(~P(x)) prem

3. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(b) |- ~P(b) prem

4. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(b) |- (Exist x)(~P(x)) ei 3 (b/x)

5. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~~P(b) ni 2,4

6. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- P(b) nne 5

7. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- (All x)P(x) ai 6

8. ~(All x)P(x) |- ~~(Exist x)(~P(x)) ni 1,7

9. ~(All x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(~P(x)) nne 8

第三十七关

Premise: (Exist x)(~P(x))

Conclusion: ~(All x)P(x)

1. ~P(b),(All x)P(x) |- ~P(b) prem

2. ~P(b),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem

3. ~P(b),(All x)P(x) |- P(b) ae 2 (b/x)

4. ~P(b) |- ~(All x)P(x) ni 1,3

5. (Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~(All x)P(x) lei 4

第三十八关

Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x))

Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)/\(Exist x)Q(x)

1. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x)/\Q(x) prem

2. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x) ande 1

3. P(x)/\Q(x) |- Q(x) ande 1

4. (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x) eei 2

5. (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (Exist x)Q(x) eei 3

6. (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x)/\(Exist x)Q(x) andi 4,5

初笔于2023年4月3日。