【educoder】离散数学:自然推理系统
相关知识
1. 目前支持以下这些规则的检查:
2.使用约束
基于教材使用的符号进行了转换,请注意以下与教材符号的对应说明:
对带量词的公式,需要特别小心:
3.格式要求
所有的符号都是英文半角符号,不支持中文全角符号,如。、,;等
书写证明时的要求:
第一行:
Premise: <要证明的公式的前件>,各前件之间用“,”隔开,如:
Premise: ((Exist x)P(x)) -> (All x)((P(x)/Q(x)) -> R(x)), (Exist x)P(x), (Exist x)Q(x)
第二行:
Conclusion:<要证明的结论>,一般只有一个,如:
Conclusion: (Exist x)(Exist y)(R(x)/\R(y))
答题模版中通常会预先给出第一、二行,无需自己输入。
此后可空几行或不空行开始编写证明步骤;
格式:
ae或ei规则示例:
下图的第6、10、11步
下图是用于编写证明时,25条规则的简称:
下面是一个示例:
Premise: ~B, A->B
Conclusion: ~A
~B, A->B, A |- A prem
~B, A->B, A |- A->B prem
~B, A->B, A |- B imple 1,2
~B, A->B, A |- ~B prem
~B, A->B |- ~A ni 3,4
编程要求
请按说明,严格按格式撰写证明过程。
测试说明
平台会对你编写的证明进行检查,出现“证明过程正确”表明编写的证明是正确的。
如出现其他问题,请先检查是否按规定的格式编写证明。
第1关:6.1节第1题a)
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:⊢(A→(B→C))↔(B→(A→C))。
Premise:
Conclusion: (A->(B->C))<->(B->(A->C))
1. A->(B->C),B,A |- A prem
2. A->(B->C),B,A |- A->(B->C) prem
3. A->(B->C),B,A |- B->C imple 1,2
4. A->(B->C),B,A |- B prem
5. A->(B->C),B,A |- C imple 4,3
6. A->(B->C),B |- A->C impli 5
7. A->(B->C) |- B->(A->C) impli 6
8. B->(A->C),A,B |- B prem
9. B->(A->C),A,B |- B->(A->C) prem
10. B->(A->C),A,B |- A->C imple 8,9
11. B->(A->C),A,B |- A prem
12. B->(A->C),A,B |- C imple 11,10
13. B->(A->C),A |- B->C impli 12
14. B->(A->C) |- A->(B->C) impli 13
15. |- (A->(B->C))<->(B->(A->C)) equivi 7,14
第2关:6.1节第1题b)-1
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(A∨B)∨C⊢A∨(B∨C)。
Premise: (A\/B)\/C
Conclusion: A\/(B\/C)
1. A |- A prem
2. A |- A\/(B\/C) ori 1
3. B |- B prem
4. B |- B\/C ori 3
5. B |- A\/(B\/C) ori 4
6. C |- C prem
7. C |- B\/C ori 6
8. C |- A\/(B\/C) ori 7
9. A\/B |- A\/(B\/C) ore 2,5
10. (A\/B)\/C |- A\/(B\/C) ore 8,9
第3关:6.1节第1题b)-2
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:A∨(B∨C)⊢(A∨B)∨C。
Premise: A\/(B\/C)
Conclusion: (A\/B)\/C
1. C |- C prem
2. C |- (A\/B)\/C ori 1
3. B |- B prem
4. B |- A\/B ori 3
5. B |- (A\/B)\/C ori 4
6. A |- A prem
7. A |- A\/B ori 6
8. A |- (A\/B)\/C ori 7
9. B\/C |- (A\/B)\/C ore 2,5
10. A\/(B\/C) |- (A\/B)\/C ore 8,9
第4关:6.1节第1题c)
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:⊢(A→B)↔(¬B→¬A)。
Premise:
Conclusion: (A->B)<->(~B -> ~A)
1. A->B,~B,A |- A->B prem
2. A->B,~B,A |- A prem
3. A->B,~B,A |- B imple 1,2
4. A->B,~B,A |- ~B prem
5. A->B,~B |- ~A ni 3,4
6. A->B |- ~B->~A impli 5
7. ~B->~A,A,~B |- ~B->~A prem
8. ~B->~A,A,~B |- ~B prem
9. ~B->~A,A,~B |- ~A imple 7,8
10. ~B->~A,A,~B |- A prem
11. ~B->~A,A |- ~~B ni 9,10
12. ~B->~A,A |- B nne 11
13. ~B->~A |- A->B impli 12
14. |- (A->B)<->(~B->~A) equivi 6,13
第5关:6.1节第1题d)-1
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:A∧¬A⊢F。
Premise: A/\~A
Conclusion: F
1. A/\~A |- A/\~A prem
2. A/\~A |- A ande 1
3. A/\~A |- ~A ande 1
4. A/\~A |- F ne 2,3
第6关:6.1节第1题d)-2
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:F⊢A∧¬A。
Premise: F
Conclusion: A/\~A
1. F |- ~F fi
2. F |- F prem
3. F |- A/\~A ne 1,2
第7关:6.1节第1题e)-1
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:A→(B→C)⊢A∧B→C。
Premise: A->(B->C)
Conclusion: A/\B->C
1. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A/\B prem
2. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A ande 1
3. A->(B->C),A/\B |- B ande 1
4. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A->(B->C) prem
5. A->(B->C),A/\B |- B->C imple 2,4
6. A->(B->C),A/\B |- C imple 3,5
7. A->(B->C) |- A/\B->C impli 6
第8关:6.1节第1题e)-2
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:A∧B→C⊢A→(B→C)。
Premise: A/\B->C
Conclusion: A->(B->C)
1. A/\B->C,A,B |- A prem
2. A/\B->C,A,B |- B prem
3. A/\B->C,A,B |- A/\B andi 1,2
4. A/\B->C,A,B |- A/\B->C prem
5. A/\B->C,A,B |- C imple 3,4
6. A/\B->C,A |- B->C impli 5
7. A/\B->C |- A->(B->C) impli 6
第9关:6.1节第2题a)
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∀x)P(x)⊢(∃x)P(x)。
Premise:(All x)P(x)
Conclusion:(Exist x)P(x)
Premise:(All x)P(x)
Conclusion:(Exist x)P(x)
1. (All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem
2. (All x)P(x) |- P(t) ae 1 (t/x)
3. (All x)P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 2 (t/x)
第10关:6.1节第2题b)
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∃x)(∀y)P(x,y)⊢(∀y)(∃x)P(x,y)。
Premise: (Exist x)(All y)P(x,y)
Conclusion: (All y)(Exist x)P(x,y)
1. P(x,y) |- P(x,y) prem
2. (All y)P(x,y) |- P(x,y) lai 1
3. (Exist x)(All y)P(x,y) |- (Exist x)P(x,y) eei 2
4. (Exist x)(All y)P(x,y) |- (All y)(Exist x)P(x,y) ai 3
第11关:6.1节第2题c)
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∀y)P(x)∨(∀x)Q(x)⊢(∀x)(P(x)∨Q(x))。
Premise: (All x)P(x)\/(All x)Q(x)
Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)\/Q(x))
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. P(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 1
3. (All x)P(x) |- (All x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) aai 2
4. Q(x) |- Q(x) prem
5. Q(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 4
6. (All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) aai 5
7. (All x)P(x)\/(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) ore 3,6
第12关:6.1节第2题d)-1
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∀x)(A→P(x))⊢A→(∀y)P(x),其中x不是A中的自由变元。
Premise: (All x)(A->P(x))
Conclusion: A->(All x)P(x)
1. A->P(x) |- A->P(x) prem
2. (All x)(A->P(x)) |- A->P(x) lai 1
3. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- A prem
4. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- A->P(x) premi 2
5. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- P(x) imple 4,3
6. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- (All x)P(x) ai 5
7. (All x)(A->P(x)) |- A->(All x)P(x) impli 6
第13关:6.1节第2题d)-2
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:A→(∀y)P(x)⊢(∀x)(A→P(x)),其中x不是A中的自由变元。
Premise: A->(All x)P(x)
Conclusion: (All x)(A->P(x))
1. A->(All x)P(x),A |- A prem
2. A->(All x)P(x),A |- A->(All x)P(x) prem
3. A->(All x)P(x),A |- (All x)P(x) imple 1,2
4. A->(All x)P(x),A |- P(x) ae 3 (x/x)
5. A->(All x)P(x) |- A->P(x) impli 4
6. A->(All x)P(x) |- (All x)(A->P(x)) ai 5
第14关:6.1节第2题e)-1
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∃x)(P(x)∨Q(x))⊢(∃x)P(x)∨(∃x)Q(x)。
Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x))
Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x)
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 1 (x/x)
3. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ori 2
4. Q(x) |- Q(x) prem
5. Q(x) |- (Exist x)Q(x) ei 4 (x/x)
6. Q(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ori 5
7. P(x)\/Q(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ore 6,3
8. (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) lei 7
第15关:6.1节第2题e)-2
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∃x)P(x)∨(∃x)Q(x)⊢(∃x)(P(x)∨Q(x))。
Premise: (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x)
Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x))
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. P(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 1
3. (Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) eei 2
4. Q(x) |- Q(x) prem
5. Q(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 4
6. (Exist x)Q(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) eei 5
7. (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) ore 3,6
第16关:6.1节第2题f)-1
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∀x)(P(x)∧Q(x))⊢(∀x)P(x)∧(∀x)Q(x)。
Premise: (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x))
Conclusion: (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x)
1. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x)/\Q(x) prem
2. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x) ande 1
3. P(x)/\Q(x) |- Q(x) ande 1
4. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x) aai 2
5. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)Q(x) aai 3
6. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) andi 4,5
第17关:6.1节第2题f)-2
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∀x)P(x)∧(∀x)Q(x)⊢(∀x)(P(x)∧Q(x))
Premise: (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x)
Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x))
1. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) prem
2. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)P(x) ande 1
3. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- P(x) ae 2 (x/x)
4. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)Q(x) ande 1
5. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- Q(x) ae 4 (x/x)
6. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- P(x)/\Q(x) andi 3,5
7. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) ai 6
第18关:6.1节第2题g)
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∃x)P(x)→(∀x)Q(x)⊢(∀x)(P(x)→Q(x))。
Premise: (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x)
Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)->Q(x))
1. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 1 (x/x)
3. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) prem
4. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (All x)Q(x) imple 2,3
5. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- Q(x) ae 4 (x/x)
6. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) |- P(x)->Q(x) impli 5
7. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) ai 6
第19关:6.1节第2题h)
任务描述
不用导出规则,请证明:(∀x)(P(x)→Q(x))⊢(∀x)P(x)→(∀x)Q(x)。
Premise: (All x)(P(x)->Q(x))
Conclusion: (All x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x)
1. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) prem
2. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- P(x)->Q(x) ae 1 (x/x)
3. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem
4. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- P(x) ae 3 (x/x)
5. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- Q(x) imple 4,2
6. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)Q(x) ai 5
7. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) impli 6
第20关:6.1节第3题
任务描述
该问题符号化为:
前件:(∀x)(∀y)(R(x,y)−>R(y,x)),(∀x)(∀y)(∀z)(R(x,y)∧R(y,z)→R(x,z)),(∀x)(∃y)R(x,y)
结论:(∀x)R(x,x)
即要用自然推理系统证明:(∀x)(∀y)(R(x,y)−>R(y,x)),(∀x)(∀y)(∀z)(R(x,y)∧R(y,z)→R(x,z)),(∀x)(∃y)R(x,y)⊢(∀x)R(x,x)。
Premise: (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y)
Conclusion: (All x)R(x,x)
1. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) prem
2. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (Exist y)R(x,y) ae 1 (x/x)
3. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t) |- R(x,t) prem
4. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t) |- (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)) prem
5. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t) |- (All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)) ae 4 (x/x)
6. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t) |- R(x,t)->R(t,x) ae 5 (t/y)
7. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t) |- R(t,x) imple 3,6
8. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t) |- R(x,t)/\R(t,x) andi 3,7
9. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t) |- (Exist y)(R(x,y)/\R(y,x)) ei 8 (t/y)
10. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (Exist y)(R(x,y)/\R(y,x)) ee 2,9
11. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t)/\R(t,x) |- R(x,t)/\R(t,x) prem
12. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t)/\R(t,x) |- (All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)) prem
13. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t)/\R(t,x) |- (All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)) ae 12 (x/x)
14. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t)/\R(t,x) |- (All z)(R(x,t)/\R(t,z)->R(x,z)) ae 13 (t/y)
15. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t)/\R(t,x) |- R(x,t)/\R(t,x)->R(x,x) ae 14 (x/z)
16. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t)/\R(t,x) |- R(x,t)/\R(t,x) prem
17. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,t)/\R(t,x) |- R(x,x) imple 15,16
18. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- R(x,x) ee 10,17
19. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (All x)R(x,x) ai 18
第21关:6.2节第1题a)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:⊢¬(A∧B)↔¬A∨¬B。
Premise:
Conclusion: ~(A/\B)<->(~A\/~B)
1. ~A,~(A/\B) |- ~(A/\B) prem
2. ~A,A/\B |- A/\B prem
3. ~A,A/\B |- A ande 2
4. ~A,A/\B |- ~A prem
5. ~A,A/\B |- ~(A/\B) ne 3,4
6. ~A |- ~(A/\B) preme 1,5
7. ~B,~(A/\B) |- ~(A/\B) prem
8. ~B,A/\B |- A/\B prem
9. ~B,A/\B |- B ande 8
10. ~B,A/\B |- ~B prem
11. ~B,A/\B |- ~(A/\B) ne 9,10
12. ~B |- ~(A/\B) preme 7,11
13. ~A\/~B |- ~(A/\B) ore 6,12
14. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B),~A |- ~(~A\/~B) prem
15. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B),~A |- ~A prem
16. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B),~A |- ~A\/~B ori 15
17. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B) |- ~~A ni 14,16
18. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B) |- A nne 17
19. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B),~B |- ~(~A\/~B) prem
20. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B),~B |- ~B prem
21. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B),~B |- ~A\/~B ori 20
22. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B) |- ~~B ni 19,21
23. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B) |- B nne 22
24. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B) |- A/\B andi 18,23
25. ~(A/\B),~(~A\/~B) |- ~(A/\B) prem
26. ~(A/\B) |- ~~(~A\/~B) ni 24,25
27. ~(A/\B) |- (~A\/~B) nne 26
28. |- ~(A/\B)<->(~A\/~B) equivi 13,27
第22关:6.2节第1题b)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:⊢A∧(B∨C)↔(A∧B)∨(A∧C)。
Premise:
Conclusion: A/\(B\/C)<->(A/\B)\/(A/\C)
1. A/\B |- A/\B prem
2. A/\B |- A ande 1
3. A/\B |- B ande 1
4. A/\B |- B\/C ori 3
5. A/\B |- A/\(B\/C) andi 2,4
6. A/\C |- A/\C prem
7. A/\C |- A ande 6
8. A/\C |- C ande 6
9. A/\C |- B\/C ori 8
10. A/\C |- A/\(B\/C) andi 7,9
11. (A/\B)\/(A/\C) |- A/\(B\/C) ore 5,10
12. A/\(B\/C),B |- B prem
13. A/\(B\/C),B |- A/\(B\/C) prem
14. A/\(B\/C),B |- A ande 13
15. A/\(B\/C),B |- A/\B andi 12,14
16. A/\(B\/C),B |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) ori 15
17. A/\(B\/C),~B |- A/\(B\/C) prem
18. A/\(B\/C),~B |- A ande 17
19. A/\(B\/C),~B |- B\/C ande 17
20. B,~(~B/\~C) |- ~(~B/\~C) prem
21. B,~B/\~C |- ~B/\~C prem
22. B,~B/\~C |- ~B ande 21
23. B,~B/\~C |- B prem
24. B,~B/\~C |- ~(~B/\~C) ne 22,23
25. B |- ~(~B/\~C) preme 20,24
26. C,~(~B/\~C) |- ~(~B/\~C) prem
27. C,~B/\~C |- ~B/\~C prem
28. C,~B/\~C |- ~C ande 27
29. C,~B/\~C |- C prem
30. C,~B/\~C |- ~(~B/\~C) ne 28,29
31. C |- ~(~B/\~C) preme 26,30
32. B\/C |- ~(~B/\~C) ore 25,31
33. |- (B\/C)->~(~B/\~C) impli 32
34. A/\(B\/C),~B,~C |- ~B prem
35. A/\(B\/C),~B,~C |- ~C prem
36. A/\(B\/C),~B,~C |- ~B/\~C andi 34,35
37. A/\(B\/C),~B,~C |- B\/C premi 19
38. A/\(B\/C) |- (B\/C)->~(~B/\~C) premi 33
39. A/\(B\/C),~B |- (B\/C)->~(~B/\~C) premi 38
40. A/\(B\/C),~B,~C |- (B\/C)->~(~B/\~C) premi 39
41. A/\(B\/C),~B,~C |- ~(~B/\~C) imple 37,40
42. A/\(B\/C),~B |- ~~C ni 36,41
43. A/\(B\/C),~B |- C nne 42
44. A/\(B\/C),~B |- A/\C andi 43,18
45. A/\(B\/C),~B |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) ori 44
46. A/\(B\/C) |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) preme 45,16
47. |- A/\(B\/C)<->(A/\B)\/(A/\C) equivi 46,11
第23关:6.2节第1题c)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:⊢A∨(B∧C)↔(A∨B)∧(A∨C)。
可使用的导出规则:
1.¬A∨¬B⊢¬(A∧B)
2.¬A∧¬B⊢¬(A∨B)
Premise:
Conclusion: A\/(B/\C)<->(A\/B)/\(A\/C)
1. A |- A prem
2. A |- A\/B ori 1
3. A |- A\/C ori 1
4. A |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) andi 2,3
5. B/\C |- B/\C prem
6. B/\C |- B ande 5
7. B/\C |- A\/B ori 6
8. B/\C |- C ande 5
9. B/\C |- A\/C ori 8
10. B/\C |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) andi 7,9
11. A\/(B/\C) |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) ore 4,10
12. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),A |- A prem
13. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),A |- A\/(B/\C) ori 12
14. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) prem
15. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- A\/B ande 14
16. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- ~(A\/B) dr
17. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- ~~B ni 15,16
18. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- B nne 17
19. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) prem
20. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- A\/C ande 19
21. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- ~(A\/C) dr
22. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- ~~C ni 20,21
23. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- C nne 22
24. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- B/\C andi 23,18
25. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- A\/(B/\C) ori 24
26. (A\/B)/\(A\/C) |- A\/(B/\C) preme 13,25
27. |- A\/(B/\C)<->(A\/B)/\(A\/C) equivi 26,11
第24关:6.2节第1题d)
任务描述
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:⊢A∨F↔A。
Premise:
Conclusion: A\/F<->A
1. A\/F |- A dr
2. A |- A\/F dr
3. |- A\/F<->A equivi 1,2
第25关:6.2节第1题e)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:⊢A∧T↔A。
Premise:
Conclusion: A/\T<->A
1. A/\T |- A dr
2. A |- A/\T dr
3. |- A/\T<->A equivi 1,2
第26关:6.2节第1题f)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:⊢(A→B)↔(¬A∨B)。
Premise:
Conclusion: (A->B)<->~A\/B
1. (A->B) |- ~A\/B dr
2. ~A\/B |- (A->B) dr
3. |- (A->B)<->~A\/B equivi 1,2
第27关:6.2节第2题g)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:¬(A→B)⊢A
Premise: ~(A->B)
Conclusion: A
1. ~(A->B) |- A/\A dr
2. ~(A->B) |- A ande 1
第28关:6.2节第1题h)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:¬(A→B)⊢¬B。
Premise: ~(A->B)
Conclusion: ~B
1. ~(A->B) |- ~(~A\/B) dr
2. ~(A->B) |- A/\~B dr
3. ~(A->B) |- ~B ande 2
第29关:6.2节第2题a)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:⊢(∃x)(C→P(x))↔(C→(∃x)P(x))。
可以使用的导出规则有:
1.¬(A→B)⊢A∧¬B
2.(∀x)(¬P(x))⊢¬(∃x)P(x)
3.¬(∃x)P(x)⊢(∀x)(¬P(x))
Premise:
Conclusion: ((Exist x)(C->P(x)))<->(C->(Exist x)P(x))
1. C->P(x),C |- C->P(x) prem
2. C->P(x),C |- C prem
3. C->P(x),C |- P(x) imple 1,2
4. C->P(x),C |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 3 (x/x)
5. C->P(x) |- C->(Exist x)P(x) impli 4
6. (Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- C->(Exist x)P(x) lei 5
7. C->(Exist x)P(x),C |- C->(Exist x)P(x) prem
8. C->(Exist x)P(x),C |- C prem
9. C->(Exist x)P(x),C |- (Exist x)P(x) imple 7,8
10. C->(Exist x)P(x),C,P(t) |- (Exist x)(C->P(x)) dr
11. C->(Exist x)P(x),C |- (Exist x)(C->P(x)) ee 9,10
12. C->(Exist x)P(x),~C |- (Exist x)(C->P(x)) dr
13. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(C->P(x)) preme 11,12
14. |- ((Exist x)(C->P(x)))<->(C->(Exist x)P(x)) equivi 6,13
第30关:6.2节第2题b)-1
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:(∃x)(P(x)→C)⊢(∀x)P(x)→C。
Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)->C)
Conclusion: (All x)P(x)->C
1. P(t)->C |- P(t)->C prem
2. P(t)->C,P(t) |- C dr
3. (All x)P(x) |- P(t)->C->C dr
5. P(t)->C |- (All x)P(x)->C dr
6. (Exist x)(P(x)->C) |- (Exist x)(P(x)->C) prem
7. (Exist x)(P(x)->C),P(t)->C |- P(t)->C prem
8. (Exist x)(P(x)->C),(P(t)->C) |- (All x)P(x)->C dr
9. (P(x)->C) |- (All x)P(x)->C dr
10. (Exist x)(P(x)->C) |- (All x)P(x)->C lei 9
第31关:6.2节第2题b)-2
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:(∀x)P(x)→C⊢(∃x)(P(x)→C)。
可以使用的导出规则:
1.¬(A→B)⊢A∧¬B
2.¬(∃x)P(x)⊢(∀x)(¬P(x))
Premise: (All x)P(x)->C
Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)->C)
1. (All x)P(x)->C |- (All x)P(x)->C prem
2. (All x)P(x)->C |- P(t)->C dr
3. (All x)P(x)->C |- (Exist x)(P(x)->C) ei 2 (t/x)
第32关:6.2节第2题c)-1
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:(∃x)(P(x)∨C)⊢(∃x)P(x)∨C。
Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)\/C)
Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)\/C
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 1 (x/x)
3. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ori 2
4. C |- C prem
5. C |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ori 4
6. P(x)\/C |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ore 3,5
7. (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C lei 6
第33关:6.2节第2题c)-2
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:(∃x)P(x)∨C⊢(∃x)(P(x)∨C)。
Premise: (Exist x)P(x)\/C
Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)\/C)
1. (Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) prem
2. (Exist x)P(x),P(t) |- P(t) prem
3. (Exist x)P(x),P(t) |- P(t)\/C ori 2
4. (Exist x)P(x),P(t) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) ei 3 (t/x)
5. (Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) dr
6. C |- C prem
7. C |- P(x)\/C ori 6
8. C |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) ei 7 (x/x)
9. (Exist x)P(x)\/C |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) ore 5,8
第34关:6.2节第2题d)-1
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:(∀x)(P(x)∧C)⊢(∀x)P(x)∧C。
Premise: (All x)(P(x)/\C)
Conclusion: (All x)P(x)/\C
1. P(x)/\C |- P(x)/\C prem
2. P(x)/\C |- P(x) ande 1
3. P(x)/\C |- C ande 1
4. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- (All x)P(x) aai 2
5. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- C lai 3
6. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- (All x)P(x)/\C andi 4,5
第35关:6.2节第2题d)-2
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:(∀x)P(x)∧C⊢(∀x)(P(x)∧C)。
Premise: (All x)P(x)/\C
Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)/\C)
1. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)P(x)/\C prem
2. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)P(x) ande 1
3. (All x)P(x)/\C |- P(x) ae 2 (x/x)
4. (All x)P(x)/\C |- C ande 1
5. (All x)P(x)/\C |- P(x)/\C andi 3,4
6. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)(P(x)/\C) ai 5
第36关:6.2节第2题e)-1
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:¬(∀x)P(x)⊢(∃x)¬P(x)。
Premise: ~(All x)P(x)
Conclusion: (Exist x)(~P(x))
1. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- ~P(x) prem
2. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- (Exist x)(~P(x)) ei 1 (x/x)
3. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- ~(Exist x)(~P(x)) prem
4. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~~P(x) ni 2,3
5. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- P(x) nne 4
6. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- (All x)P(x) ai 5
7. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~(All x)P(x) prem
8. ~(All x)P(x) |- ~~(Exist x)(~P(x)) ni 6,7
9. ~(All x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(~P(x)) nne 8
第37关:6.2节第2题e)-2
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:(∃x)¬P(x)⊢¬(∀x)P(x)。
Premise: ~(All x)P(x)
Conclusion: (Exist x)(~P(x))
1. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- ~P(x) prem
2. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- (Exist x)(~P(x)) ei 1 (x/x)
3. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- ~(Exist x)(~P(x)) prem
4. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~~P(x) ni 2,3
5. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- P(x) nne 4
6. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- (All x)P(x) ai 5
7. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~(All x)P(x) prem
8. ~(All x)P(x) |- ~~(Exist x)(~P(x)) ni 6,7
9. ~(All x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(~P(x)) nne 8
第38关:6.2节第2题f)
任务描述
用自然推理系统证明:(∃x)(P(x)∧Q(x))⊢(∃x)P(x)∧(∃x)Q(x)。
Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x))
Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)/\(Exist x)Q(x)
1. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x)/\Q(x) prem
2. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x) ande 1
3. (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x) eei 2
4. P(x)/\Q(x) |- Q(x) ande 1
5. (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (Exist x)Q(x) eei 4
6. (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x)/\(Exist x)Q(x) andi 3,5
PS:
要了解逻辑基础,可以类比为学语文要学拼音。逻辑有一些基本概念和规则,比如命题逻辑和谓词逻辑中的连接词、量词等,这些都是需要掌握的。
学习推理规则很重要。自然推理系统常用的推理规则,比如假言推理、析取引入与消除、合取引入与消除、否定引入与消除等,这些都需要熟悉。练习推理技巧。就像打dota需要不断练习一样,多做一些推理问题的练习,尝试使用自然推理系统进行推导,并检查推导的正确性。逐步增加难度,挑战更复杂的推理问题。
对于这部分内容,持续学习和提升是关键。像追番一样保持好奇心,关注新的推理问题和技巧,多推多练,不断提高自然推理的能力。
反正这门课对于 6yuan or 6dd 牛马们来说比较好通过,实在弄不懂,抄就完了。
( ̄︶ ̄)↗
(就没听说过挂离散的(~ ̄▽ ̄)~)