MySQL之如何在Linux环境安装配置

写在前面

本文一起看下如何在Linux环境中安装和配置MySQL服务器。

1：下载和解压

在这里 或者这里 下载安装包。然后解压到/usr/loca/mysql目录下，解压后如下：

[root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/local/mysql/
total 272
drwxr-xr-x  2 mysql mysql   4096 Aug 23 11:04 bin
drwxr-xr-x  5 mysql mysql   4096 Aug 23 11:21 data
drwxr-xr-x  2 mysql mysql     55 Aug 23 11:04 docs
drwxr-xr-x  3 mysql mysql   4096 Aug 23 11:04 include
drwxr-xr-x  5 mysql mysql    230 Aug 23 11:04 lib
-rwxr-xr-x  1 mysql mysql 255074 Aug 23 11:04 LICENSE
drwxr-xr-x  4 mysql mysql     30 Aug 23 11:04 man
-rwxr-xr-x  1 mysql mysql    566 Aug 23 11:04 README
drwxr-xr-x 28 mysql mysql   4096 Aug 23 11:04 share
drwxr-xr-x  2 mysql mysql     90 Aug 23 11:04 support-files

2：创建MySQL用户以及权限修改

groupadd mysql
useradd -g mysql mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql  /usr/local/mysql/
chown -R mysql  /usr/local/mysql/
chmod -R 755 /usr/local/mysql/

3：初始化安装

3.1：创建数据目录

mkdir /usr/local/mysql/data

不要忘记修改权限：

chown -R mysql:mysql  /usr/local/mysql/data
chown -R mysql  /usr/local/mysql/data
chmod -R 755 /usr/local/mysql/data

3.2：初始化

[root@localhost local]# pwd
/usr/local
[root@localhost mysql]# bin/mysqld --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data --initialize
2022-08-23T03:14:06.400771Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
...
2022-08-23T03:14:06.887151Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 3h,H1dxvx6BI

3h,H1dxvx6BI是默认的root密码，这里需要记录下，否则后续登录会遇到问题。

4：相关文件修改

4.1：配置文件

/etc/my.cnf没有则创建：

[root@localhost local]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
user=mysql
port=3306
character-set-server=utf8
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links=0
# Settings user and group are ignored when systemd is used.
# If you need to run mysqld under a different user or group,
# customize your systemd unit file for mariadb according to the
# instructions in http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Systemd

[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid

#
# include all files from the config directory
#
!includedir /etc/my.cnf.d

4.2：日志文件

因为在配置文件my.cnf中我们设置了日志文件/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log，因为不会自动创建，所以这里创建下。

touch /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
设置日志文件所有者为mysql和对应权限
chown -R mysql:mysql /var/log/mariadb/
chown -R mysql /var/log/mariadb/
chmod -R 755 /var/log/mariadb/

5：设置开机启动并启动

5.1：开机启动

[root@localhost mariadb]# cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
[root@localhost mariadb]# chkconfig mysql on

5.2：启动并连接

[root@localhost mariadb]# service mysql start
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 
[root@localhost mariadb]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
mysql> 

登录后如果输入任何mysql 命令都是提示:You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement。我们必须使用命令alter user user() identified by "123456"; (此命令是在登录mysql后执行)修改密码后才可以正常使用MySQL的功能。

5.3：允许远程连接

以下命令都是在登录mysql成功后执行
update user set host='%' where user = 'root';
使修改的权限立即生效。
flush privileges;

注意，在真实的生产环境中，并不建议这么修改，因为安全风险太大。建议根据实际情况将root用户的host项修改为某个指定的ip地址，或仍然保持localhost。

写在后面

参考文章列表：

Linux 下 MySQL 安装与配置 。