Kirill Pankratov, Ph. D. (kirill@plume.mit.edu)
Department of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
(posted on comp.soft-sys.matlab, 1994-03-07)
Hi,
Although this question appears for the first time to my knowledge I believe it can be of rather general interest.
The streamfunction (and also the velocity potential) are rather fun-damental concepts for anybody who is dealing with fluid dynamics or geosciences, like power spectrum for signal processing.
The Mathwolks (I mean the folks from The Mathworks) could be surprised how many of the MATLAB users are oceanographers, meteorologists, geophysisists and not only electrical engineers or signal processors (no offence for the latter). So probably The Mathwork should learn at least some fundamentals about it and include the most general operations from these fields in its library.
Does anybody agree with this? ...
Anyway, here I present the program "flowfun" which calculates the streamfunction psi and the velocity potential phi (that is the velocity field is a scalar and vector product of the gradient operator and the potential and the streamfunction correspondingly):
u = d(phi)/dx, v = d(phi)/dy for potential flows,
u = -d(psi)/dy, v = d(psi)/dx for solenoidal flows.
These potentials are computed by integrating the velocities given by matrices u, v using Simpson rule summation. To do this the routine "cumsimp" is added. This routine is actually of much more general application, than the "flowfun" - is is general cumulative integrator - a little bit similar to "cumsum" but much more accurate (for continuous functions) and starting from zero. I think MATLAB should have had something like this long ago it would be useful for anybody dealing with continuous fields. See HELP for additional information.
Now back to "flowfun".
To get the feeling what it is all about try the following script:
e = 2; g = 1;
[x,y] = meshgrid(0:20,0:15); % This makes regular grid
u = e*x-g*y; % Linear velocity field
v = g*x-e*y;
[phi,psi] = flowfun(u,v); % Here comes the potential and streamfun.
contour(phi,20,'--r') % Contours of potential
hold on
contour(psi,20,'-g') % Contours of streamfunction
quiver(u,v,'w') % Now superimpose the velocity field
% Now see the meaning of these potentials?
If you want the streamfunction only, use
psi = flowfun(u,v,'-')
(or psi = flowfun(u,v,'psi') or psi = flowfun(u,v,'stream') ).
I would appreciate any comments and suggestions about these routines. Regards, Kirill.
And now the code itself (flowfun.m and cumsimp.m).
================================== save as flowfun.m =========
function [phi,psi] = flowfun(u,v,flag)
% FLOWFUN Computes the potential PHI and the streamfunction PSI
% of a 2-dimensional flow defined by the matrices of velocity
% components U and V, so that
%
% d(PHI) d(PSI) d(PHI) d(PSI)
% u = ----- - ----- , v = ----- + -----
% dx dy dx dy
%
% For a potential (irrotational) flow PSI = 0, and the laplacian
% of PSI is equal to the divergence of the velocity field.
% A non-divergent flow can be described by the streamfunction
% alone, and the laplacian of the streamfunction is equal to
% vorticity (curl) of the velocity field.
% The stepsizes dx and dy are assumed to equal unity.
% [PHI,PSI] = FLOWFUN(U,V), or in a complex form
% [PHI,PSI] = FLOWFUN(U+iV)
% returns matrices PHI and PSI of the same sizes as U and V,
% containing potential and streamfunction given by velocity
% components U, V.
% Because these potentials are defined up to the integration
% constant their absolute values are such that
% PHI(1,1) = PSI(1,1) = 0.
% If only streamfunction is needed, the flag can be used:
% PSI = FLOWFUN(U,V,FLAG), where FLAG can be a string:
% '-', 'psi', 'streamfunction' (abbreviations allowed).
% For the potential the FLAG can be '+', 'phi', 'potential'.
% Uses command CUMSIMP (Simpson rule summation).
% Kirill K. Pankratov, March 7, 1994.
% Check input arguments .............................................
issu=0; issv=0; isflag=0; % For input checking
isphi = 1; ispsi = 1; % Is phi and psi to be computed
if nargin==1, issu = isstr(u); end
if nargin==2, issv = isstr(v); end
if nargin==1&~issu, v=imag(u); end
if issv, flag = v; v = imag(u); isflag = 1; end
if nargin==0|issu % Not enough input arguments
disp([10 ' Error: function must have input arguments:'...
10 ' matrivces U and V (or complex matrix W = U+iV)' 10 ])
return
end
if any(size(u)~=size(v)) % Disparate sizes
disp([10 ' Error: matrices U and V must be of equal size' 10])
return
end
if nargin==3, isflag=1; end
u = real(u);
% Check the flag string . . . . . . . .
Dcn = str2mat('+','potential','phi');
Dcn = str2mat(Dcn,'-','streamfunction','psi');
if isflag
lmin = min(size(flag,2),size(Dcn,2));
flag = flag(1,1:lmin);
A = flag(ones(size(Dcn,1),1),1:lmin)==Dcn(:,1:lmin);
if lmin>1, coinc = sum(A'); else, coinc = A'; end
fnd = find(coinc==lmin);
if fnd~=[], if fnd<4, ispsi=0; else, isphi=0; end, end
end
phi = []; % Create output
psi = [];
lx = size(u,2); % Size of the velocity matrices
ly = size(u,1);
% Now the main computations .........................................
% Integrate velocity fields to get potential and streamfunction
% Use Simpson rule summation (function CUMSIMP)
% Compute potential PHI (potential, non-rotating part)
if isphi
cx = cumsimp(u(1,:)); % Compute x-integration constant
cy = cumsimp(v(:,1)); % Compute y-integration constant
phi = cumsimp(v)+cx(ones(ly,1),:);
phi = (phi+cumsimp(u')'+cy(:,ones(1,lx)))/2;
end
% Compute streamfunction PSI (solenoidal part)
if ispsi
cx = cumsimp(v(1,:)); % Compute x-integration constant
cy = cumsimp(u(:,1)); % Compute y-integration constant
psi = -cumsimp(u)+cx(ones(ly,1),:);
psi = (psi+cumsimp(v')'-cy(:,ones(1,lx)))/2;
end
% Rename output if need only PSI
if ~isphi&ispsi&nargout==1, phi = psi; end
=========================== end flowfun.m ======================
============================ save as cumsimp.m =================
function f = cumsimp(y)
% F = CUMSIMP(Y) Simpson-rule column-wise cumulative summation.
% Numerical approximation of a function F(x) such that
% Y(X) = dF/dX. Each column of the input matrix Y represents
% the value of the integrand Y(X) at equally spaced points
% X = 0,1,...size(Y,1).
% The output is a matrix F of the same size as Y.
% The first row of F is equal to zero and each following row
% is the approximation of the integral of each column of matrix
% Y up to the givem row.
% CUMSIMP assumes continuity of each column of the function Y(X)
% and uses Simpson rule summation.
% Similar to the command F = CUMSUM(Y), exept for zero first
% row and more accurate summation (under the assumption of
% continuous integrand Y(X)).
%
% See also CUMSUM, SUM, TRAPZ, QUAD
% Kirill K. Pankratov, March 7, 1994.
% 3-points interpolation coefficients to midpoints.
% Second-order polynomial (parabolic) interpolation coefficients
% from Xbasis = [0 1 2] to Xint = [.5 1.5]
c1 = 3/8; c2 = 6/8; c3 = -1/8;
% Determine the size of the input and make column if vector
ist = 0; % If to be transposed
lv = size(y,1);
if lv==1, ist = 1; y = y(:); lv = length(y); end
f = zeros(size(y));
% If only 2 elements in columns - simple sum divided by 2
if lv==2
f(2,:) = (y(1,:)+y(2))/2;
if ist, f = f'; end % Transpose output if necessary
return
end
% If more than two elements in columns - Simpson summation
num = 1:lv-2;
% Interpolate values of Y to all midpoints
f(num+1,:) = c1*y(num,:)+c2*y(num+1,:)+c3*y(num+2,:);
f(num+2,:) = f(num+2,:)+c3*y(num,:)+c2*y(num+1,:)+c1*y(num+2,:);
f(2,:) = f(2,:)*2; f(lv,:) = f(lv,:)*2;
% Now Simpson (1,4,1) rule
f(2:lv,:) = 2*f(2:lv,:)+y(1:lv-1,:)+y(2:lv,:);
f = cumsum(f)/6; % Cumulative sum, 6 - denom. from the Simpson rule
if ist, f = f'; end % Transpose output if necessary
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