求开平方

定义

  所谓整数平方根即

算法

  算法1.猜试法

利用等差级数公式:        

                
  这样的话, 从1开始一直算到数列的前项和第一次大于x的时候,即是所求。下面给出source code(C): 


unsigned linear_search(unsigned 
long x)
{
    unsigned  long sum_n =  1;
    unsigned n =  1;

     if(x <=  1)
    {
         return x;
    }

     while(sum_n <= x)
    {
        n++;
        sum_n += (n<< 1) -  1;
    }

     return (n- 1);

}

 

  这种方法无异于穷举法,其唯一的优点是:每次的迭代用到了前面迭代的结果,所以会有一些效率的增益。对于该算法的改进就是不穷举,改用我们熟悉的二分查找法来做。

 


unsigned bi_search(unsigned 
long x)
{
    unsigned  long sum_n =  0;
    unsigned n = (x >>  1);
    unsigned top = x;
    unsigned bottom =  0;

     if (x <=  1)
    {
         return x;
    }

     for (;;)
    {
        sum_n = n * n;
         if (sum_n < x)
        {
          bottom = n;
          n += ((top - bottom) >>  1);
           if (n == bottom)
               return n;
        }
         else 
         if (sum_n > x)
        {
          top = n;
          n -= ((top - bottom) >> 1);
           if (n == top)
               return n- 1;
        }
         else
        {
             return n;
        }
    }

}

 

算法2 Newton 法

把这个问题转换为方程求根问题,即:,求x。

 而方程求根的问题可以用Newton 法来解决。现在的问题有一点不同,即所求的根必须是整数。通过证明,我们可以发现,Newton迭代公式是适用于整数情况的,于是有:

                  
至于是怎么证明的,可以参考hacker’s delight

另外,初值的选择也是很重要的一环,这里我们选择大于等于的最小的2的幂次数。

OK,下面给出程序:

 


unsigned newton_method(unsigned 
long x)
{
    unsigned  long x1 = x -  1;
    unsigned s =  1;
    unsigned g0,g1;

     /*  初值设定  */
     if (x1 >  65535) {s +=  8; x1 >>=  16;}
     if (x1 >  255)   {s +=  4; x1 >>=  8;}
     if (x1 >  15)    {s +=  2; x1 >>=  4;}
     if (x1 >  3)     {s +=  1; x1 >>=  2;}

     /* 迭代 */
    g0 =  1 << s;
    g1 = (g0 + (x >> s)) >>  1;
     while(g1 < g0)
    {
       g0 = g1;
       g1 = (g0 + x/g0) >>  1;
    }
     return g0;
}



浮点数:

首先是最普通的CRT里自带的sqrt,只需要引用math.h就可以使用了:

  1. #include <math.h>  
  2. result = sqrt(number);  
 

 

接下来是传统的牛顿迭代法,我们计算开方的时候就是手工不断尝试每一位最合适的数字,然后一步步收敛求得更精确的答案。牛顿迭代法就是通过折半来快速收敛,每迭代一次就得到更精确的结果,下面这段程序采用的是迭代10次的牛顿迭代法:

  1. float newtonSqrt(float a){  
  2.   int i;  
  3.   float x;  
  4.   x=a;  
  5.   for(i=1;i<=10;i++)  
  6.     x=(x+a/x)/2;  
  7.   return x;  
  8. }  


<% Private Const BITS_TO_A_BYTE = 8 Private Const BYTES_TO_A_WORD = 4 Private Const BITS_TO_A_WORD = 32 Private m_lOnBits(30) Private m_l2Power(30) Private Function LShift(lValue, iShiftBits) If iShiftBits = 0 Then LShift = lValue Exit Function ElseIf iShiftBits = 31 Then If lValue And 1 Then LShift = &H80000000 Else LShift = 0 End If Exit Function ElseIf iShiftBits < 0 Or iShiftBits > 31 Then Err.Raise 6 End If If (lValue And m_l2Power(31 - iShiftBits)) Then LShift = ((lValue And m_lOnBits(31 - (iShiftBits + 1))) * m_l2Power(iShiftBits)) Or &H80000000 Else LShift = ((lValue And m_lOnBits(31 - iShiftBits)) * m_l2Power(iShiftBits)) End If End Function Private Function RShift(lValue, iShiftBits) If iShiftBits = 0 Then RShift = lValue Exit Function ElseIf iShiftBits = 31 Then If lValue And &H80000000 Then RShift = 1 Else RShift = 0 End If Exit Function ElseIf iShiftBits < 0 Or iShiftBits > 31 Then Err.Raise 6 End If RShift = (lValue And &H7FFFFFFE) \ m_l2Power(iShiftBits) If (lValue And &H80000000) Then RShift = (RShift Or (&H40000000 \ m_l2Power(iShiftBits - 1))) End If End Function Private Function RotateLeft(lValue, iShiftBits) RotateLeft = LShift(lValue, iShiftBits) Or RShift(lValue, (32 - iShiftBits)) End Function Private Function AddUnsigned(lX, lY) Dim lX4 Dim lY4 Dim lX8 Dim lY8 Dim lResult lX8 = lX And &H80000000 lY8 = lY And &H80000000 lX4 = lX And &H40000000 lY4 = lY And &H40000000 lResult = (lX And &H3FFFFFFF) + (lY And &H3FFFFFFF) If lX4 And lY4 Then lResult = lResult Xor &H80000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8 ElseIf lX4 Or lY4 Then If lResult And &H40000000 Then lResult = lResult Xor &HC0000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8 Else lResult = lResult Xor &H40000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8 End If Else lResult = lResult Xor lX8 Xor lY8 End If AddUnsigned = lResult End Function Private Function md5_F(x, y, z) md5_F = (x And y) Or ((Not x) And z) End Function Private Function md5_G(x, y, z) md5_G = (x And z) Or (y And (Not z)) End Function Private Function md5_H(x, y, z) md5_H = (x Xor y Xor z) End Function Private Function md5_I(x, y, z) md5_I = (y Xor (x Or (Not z))) End Function Private Sub md5_FF(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac) a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_F(b, c, d), x), ac)) a = RotateLeft(a, s) a = AddUnsigned(a, b) End Sub Private Sub md5_GG(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac) a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_G(b, c, d), x), ac)) a = RotateLeft(a, s) a = AddUnsigned(a, b) End Sub Private Sub md5_HH(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac) a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_H(b, c, d), x), ac)) a = RotateLeft(a, s) a = AddUnsigned(a, b) End Sub Private Sub md5_II(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac) a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_I(b, c, d), x), ac)) a = RotateLeft(a, s) a = AddUnsigned(a, b) End Sub Private Function ConvertToWordArray(sMessage) Dim lMessageLength Dim lNumberOfWords Dim lWordArray() Dim lBytePosition Dim lByteCount Dim lWordCount Const MODULUS_BITS = 512 Const CONGRUENT_BITS = 448 lMessageLength = Len(sMessage) lNumberOfWords = (((lMessageLength + ((MODULUS_BITS - CONGRUENT_BITS) \ BITS_TO_A_BYTE)) \ (MODULUS_BITS \ BITS_TO_A_BYTE)) + 1) * (MODULUS_BITS \ BITS_TO_A_WORD) ReDim lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 1) lBytePosition = 0 lByteCount = 0 Do Until lByteCount >= lMessageLength lWordCount = lByteCount \ BYTES_TO_A_WORD lBytePosition = (lByteCount Mod BYTES_TO_A_WORD) * BITS_TO_A_BYTE lWordArray(lWordCount) = lWordArray(lWordCount) Or LShift(Asc(Mid(sMessage, lByteCount + 1, 1)), lBytePosition) lByteCount = lByteCount + 1 Loop lWordCount = lByteCount \ BYTES_TO_A_WORD lBytePosition = (lByteCount Mod BYTES_TO_A_WORD) * BITS_TO_A_BYTE lWordArray(lWordCount) = lWordArray(lWordCount) Or LShift(&H80, lBytePosition) lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 2) = LShift(lMessageLength, 3) lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 1) = RShift(lMessageLength, 29) ConvertToWordArray = lWordArray End Function Private Function WordToHex(lValue) Dim lByte Dim lCount For lCount = 0 To 3 lByte = RShift(lValue, lCount * BITS_TO_A_BYTE) And m_lOnBits(BITS_TO_A_BYTE - 1) WordToHex = WordToHex & Right("0" & Hex(lByte), 2) Next End Function Public Function MD5(sMessage) m_lOnBits(0) = CLng(1) m_lOnBits(1) = CLng(3) m_lOnBits(2) = CLng(7) m_lOnBits(3) = CLng(15) m_lOnBits(4) = CLng(31) m_lOnBits(5) = CLng(63) m_lOnBits(6) = CLng(127) m_lOnBits(7) = CLng(255) m_lOnBits(8) = CLng(511) m_lOnBits(9) = CLng(1023) m_lOnBits(10) = CLng(2047) m_lOnBits(11) = CLng(4095) m_lOnBits(12) = CLng(8191) m_lOnBits(13) = CLng(16383) m_lOnBits(14) = CLng(32767) m_lOnBits(15) = CLng(65535) m_lOnBits(16) = CLng(131071) m_lOnBits(17) = CLng(262143) m_lOnBits(18) = CLng(524287) m_lOnBits(19) = CLng(1048575) m_lOnBits(20) = CLng(2097151) m_lOnBits(21) = CLng(4194303) m_lOnBits(22) = CLng(8388607) m_lOnBits(23) = CLng(16777215) m_lOnBits(24) = CLng(33554431) m_lOnBits(25) = CLng(67108863) m_lOnBits(26) = CLng(134217727) m_lOnBits(27) = CLng(268435455) m_lOnBits(28) = CLng(536870911) m_lOnBits(29) = CLng(1073741823) m_lOnBits(30) = CLng(2147483647) m_l2Power(0) = CLng(1) m_l2Power(1) = CLng(2) m_l2Power(2) = CLng(4) m_l2Power(3) = CLng(8) m_l2Power(4) = CLng(16) m_l2Power(5) = CLng(32) m_l2Power(6) = CLng(64) m_l2Power(7) = CLng(128) m_l2Power(8) = CLng(256) m_l2Power(9) = CLng(512) m_l2Power(10) = CLng(1024) m_l2Power(11) = CLng(2048) m_l2Power(12) = CLng(4096) m_l2Power(13) = CLng(8192) m_l2Power(14) = CLng(16384) m_l2Power(15) = CLng(32768) m_l2Power(16) = CLng(65536) m_l2Power(17) = CLng(131072) m_l2Power(18) = CLng(262144) m_l2Power(19) = CLng(524288) m_l2Power(20) = CLng(1048576) m_l2Power(21) = CLng(2097152) m_l2Power(22) = CLng(4194304) m_l2Power(23) = CLng(8388608) m_l2Power(24) = CLng(16777216) m_l2Power(25) = CLng(33554432) m_l2Power(26) = CLng(67108864) m_l2Power(27) = CLng(134217728) m_l2Power(28) = CLng(268435456) m_l2Power(29) = CLng(536870912) m_l2Power(30) = CLng(1073741824) Dim x Dim k Dim AA Dim BB Dim CC Dim DD Dim a Dim b Dim c Dim d Const S11 = 7 Const S12 = 12 Const S13 = 17 Const S14 = 22 Const S21 = 5 Const S22 = 9 Const S23 = 14 Const S24 = 20 Const S31 = 4 Const S32 = 11 Const S33 = 16 Const S34 = 23 Const S41 = 6 Const S42 = 10 Const S43 = 15 Const S44 = 21 x = ConvertToWordArray(sMessage) a = &H67452301 b = &HEFCDAB89 c = &H98BADCFE d = &H10325476 For k = 0 To UBound(x) Step 16 AA = a BB = b CC = c DD = d md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 0), S11, &HD76AA478 md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 1), S12, &HE8C7B756 md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 2), S13, &H242070DB md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 3), S14, &HC1BDCEEE md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 4), S11, &HF57C0FAF md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 5), S12, &H4787C62A md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 6), S13, &HA8304613 md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 7), S14, &HFD469501 md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 8), S11, &H698098D8 md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 9), S12, &H8B44F7AF md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 10), S13, &HFFFF5BB1 md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 11), S14, &H895CD7BE md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 12), S11, &H6B901122 md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 13), S12, &HFD987193 md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 14), S13, &HA679438E md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 15), S14, &H49B40821 md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 1), S21, &HF61E2562 md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 6), S22, &HC040B340 md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 11), S23, &H265E5A51 md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 0), S24, &HE9B6C7AA md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 5), S21, &HD62F105D md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 10), S22, &H2441453 md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 15), S23, &HD8A1E681 md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 4), S24, &HE7D3FBC8 md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 9), S21, &H21E1CDE6 md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 14), S22, &HC33707D6 md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 3), S23, &HF4D50D87 md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 8), S24, &H455A14ED md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 13), S21, &HA9E3E905 md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 2), S22, &HFCEFA3F8 md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 7), S23, &H676F02D9 md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 12), S24, &H8D2A4C8A md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 5), S31, &HFFFA3942 md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 8), S32, &H8771F681 md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 11), S33, &H6D9D6122 md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 14), S34, &HFDE5380C md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 1), S31, &HA4BEEA44 md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 4), S32, &H4BDECFA9 md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 7), S33, &HF6BB4B60 md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 10), S34, &HBEBFBC70 md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 13), S31, &H289B7EC6 md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 0), S32, &HEAA127FA md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 3), S33, &HD4EF3085 md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 6), S34, &H4881D05 md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 9), S31, &HD9D4D039 md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 12), S32, &HE6DB99E5 md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 15), S33, &H1FA27CF8 md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 2), S34, &HC4AC5665 md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 0), S41, &HF4292244 md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 7), S42, &H432AFF97 md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 14), S43, &HAB9423A7 md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 5), S44, &HFC93A039 md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 12), S41, &H655B59C3 md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 3), S42, &H8F0CCC92 md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 10), S43, &HFFEFF47D md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 1), S44, &H85845DD1 md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 8), S41, &H6FA87E4F md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 15), S42, &HFE2CE6E0 md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 6), S43, &HA3014314 md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 13), S44, &H4E0811A1 md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 4), S41, &HF7537E82 md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 11), S42, &HBD3AF235 md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 2), S43, &H2AD7D2BB md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 9), S44, &HEB86D391 a = AddUnsigned(a, AA) b = AddUnsigned(b, BB) c = AddUnsigned(c, CC) d = AddUnsigned(d, DD) Next 'MD5 = LCase(WordToHex(a) & WordToHex(b) & WordToHex(c) & WordToHex(d)) MD5=LCase(WordToHex(b) & WordToHex(c)) 'I crop this to fit 16byte database password End Function %>
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