LeetCode每日一题(126. Word Ladder II)

A transformation sequence from word beginWord to word endWord using a dictionary wordList is a sequence of words beginWord -> s1 -> s2 -> … -> sk such that:

Every adjacent pair of words differs by a single letter.
Every si for 1 <= i <= k is in wordList. Note that beginWord does not need to be in wordList.
sk == endWord
Given two words, beginWord and endWord, and a dictionary wordList, return all the shortest transformation sequences from beginWord to endWord, or an empty list if no such sequence exists. Each sequence should be returned as a list of the words [beginWord, s1, s2, …, sk].

Example 1:

Input: beginWord = “hit”, endWord = “cog”, wordList = [“hot”,“dot”,“dog”,“lot”,“log”,“cog”]
Output: [[“hit”,“hot”,“dot”,“dog”,“cog”],[“hit”,“hot”,“lot”,“log”,“cog”]]

Explanation: There are 2 shortest transformation sequences:
“hit” -> “hot” -> “dot” -> “dog” -> “cog”
“hit” -> “hot” -> “lot” -> “log” -> “cog”

Example 2:

Input: beginWord = “hit”, endWord = “cog”, wordList = [“hot”,“dot”,“dog”,“lot”,“log”]
Output: []

Explanation: The endWord “cog” is not in wordList, therefore there is no valid transformation sequence.

Constraints:

• 1 <= beginWord.length <= 5
• endWord.length == beginWord.length
• 1 <= wordList.length <= 500
• wordList[i].length == beginWord.length
• beginWord, endWord, and wordList[i] consist of lowercase English letters.
• beginWord != endWord
• All the words in wordList are unique.

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这题以前做过，但是以前的答案现在再提交结果变成了超时。于是重新做一遍。大体思路是先正向找最短路径，然后再反向把这些路径收集起来。在查找下一跳的字符串时， 我们枚举出所有的可能的变化(只有一个字符差异)。标记出所有的最短路径后，我们开始反向收集那些最终能到达 end_word 的路径，之所以采用反向，是因为这样我们不用去处理那些路径最终到不了 end_word 的情况。假设我们找到的最短路径中，从 begin_word 到 end_word 的最短步数是 n, 我们从 end_word 开始查找步数为 n-1 且与 end_word 相差一个字符的单词， 然后以这些单词为基础再查找 n-2, 与这些单词相差一个字符的单词，如此递归直到 n=1 的情况。

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use std::collections::HashMap;

impl Solution {
    fn is_exact_one_diff(word1: &str, word2: &str) -> bool {
        let mut count = 0;
        for (c1, c2) in word1.chars().zip(word2.chars()) {
            if c1 != c2 {
                count += 1;
            }
        }
        count == 1
    }
    fn extract_path(
        steps: &HashMap<i32, Vec<String>>,
        end_word: &str,
        curr: i32,
    ) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
        if curr == 1 {
            return vec![vec![end_word.to_owned()]];
        }
        let mut ans = Vec::new();
        let nexts = steps.get(&(curr - 1)).unwrap();
        for next in nexts {
            if Solution::is_exact_one_diff(next, end_word) {
                let mut paths = Solution::extract_path(steps, next, curr - 1);
                for p in &mut paths {
                    p.push(end_word.to_owned());
                }
                ans.append(&mut paths);
            }
        }
        ans
    }

    fn gen_morph(word: String, steps: &HashMap<String, i32>) -> Vec<String> {
        let lowers: Vec<char> = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".chars().map(|c| c).collect();
        let mut res = Vec::new();
        let mut chars: Vec<char> = word.chars().collect();
        for i in 0..chars.len() {
            let c = chars[i];
            for l in &lowers {
                if c != *l {
                    chars[i] = *l;
                    let w: String = chars.iter().collect();
                    if steps.contains_key(&w) {
                        res.push(w);
                    }
                }
            }
            chars[i] = c;
        }
        res
    }
    pub fn find_ladders(
        begin_word: String,
        end_word: String,
        word_list: Vec<String>,
    ) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
        let mut word_steps: HashMap<String, i32> =
            word_list.into_iter().map(|w| (w, i32::MAX)).collect();
        let mut stack = vec![begin_word.clone()];
        let mut curr = 1;
        loop {
            let mut next_stack = Vec::new();
            while let Some(w) = stack.pop() {
                for morph in Solution::gen_morph(w, &word_steps) {
                    if let Some(step) = word_steps.get_mut(&morph) {
                        if *step > curr {
                            next_stack.push(morph);
                            *step = curr;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if next_stack.is_empty() {
                break;
            }
            stack = next_stack;
            curr += 1;
        }
        if !word_steps.contains_key(&end_word) {
            return vec![];
        }
        let final_step = *word_steps.get(&end_word).unwrap();
        if final_step == i32::MAX {
            return vec![];
        }
        let steps = word_steps
            .into_iter()
            .fold(HashMap::new(), |mut m, (w, c)| {
                m.entry(c).or_insert(Vec::new()).push(w);
                m
            });
        let mut paths = Solution::extract_path(&steps, &end_word, final_step);
        for p in &mut paths {
            p.insert(0, begin_word.clone());
        }
        paths
    }
}