先看一下实例
HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
map.put("语文", 1);
map.put("数学", 2);
map.put("英语", 3);
map.put("历史", 4);
map.put("政治", 5);
map.put("地理", 6);
map.put("生物", 7);
map.put("化学", 8);
for(Entry<String, Integer> entry : map.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(entry.getKey() + ": " + entry.getValue());
}运行结果是
政治: 5
生物: 7
历史: 4
数学: 2
化学: 8
语文: 1
英语: 3
地理: 6HashMap存储的结构图大致如下：
官方文档中是这么说的：
Hash table based implementation of the Map interface. This implementation provides all of the optional map operations, and permits null values and the null key. (The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls.) This class makes no guarantees as to the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time.
关键点：可以null值，null键；不保证有序（比如插入的顺序），也不保证顺序不随时间改变
容量（capacity）和加载因子（load factor）
An instance of HashMap has two parameters that affect its performance: initial capacity and load factor. The capacity is the number of buckets in the hash table, and the initial capacity is simply the capacity at the time the hash table is created. The load factor is a measure of how full the hash table is allowed to get before its capacity is automatically increased. When the number of entries in the hash table exceeds the product of the load factor and the current capacity, the hash table is rehashed (that is, internal data structures are rebuilt) so that the hash table has approximately twice the number of buckets.
简单的说，Capacity就是buckets的数目，Load factor就是buckets填满程度的最大比例。如果对迭代性能要求很高的话不要把capacity设置过大，也不要把load factor设置过小。当bucket填充的数目（即hashmap中元素的个数）大于capacity*load factor时就需要调整buckets的数目为当前的2倍。
put 方法
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
// 节点为空，新建节点写入计算出的index位置
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
// 节点不为空
Node<K,V> e; K k;
// 不存在冲突或节点正好为头节点
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
//节点为树结构
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
// 节点为链表，有冲突，遍历节点
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
// 没有相应的节点，新建节点
if ((e = p.next) == null)
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
// 如果链表长度超过设置的阈值，将链表转换为红黑树结构
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
// 找到相应的节点
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
// 写入新值
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
// 使用的buckets数量超过loadfactor*capacity，resize
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}put方法的大概思路：
- 对key的hashCode做hash，然后计算index
- 如果没有冲突，则直接放到对应index的bucket里
- 如果有冲突，以链表形式存放在buckets后
- 如果冲突导致链表过长(大于等于TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)，就把链表转换成红黑树
- 如果节点已经存在就替换old value
- 如果bucket满了(超过load factor*current capacity)，就要resize。
get方法
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*
* <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
* {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
* key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
* it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
*
* <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
* indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
* possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
* The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
* distinguish these two cases.
*
* @see #put(Object, Object)
*/
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
/**
* Implements Map.get and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @return the node, or null if none
*/
final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return first;
if ((e = first.next) != null) {
if (first instanceof TreeNode)
return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
}
return null;
}如果是bucket里的第一个节点，直接取出；
如果有冲突，则通过key.equals(k)去查找对应的entry
若为树，则在树中通过key.equals(k)查找，O(logn)；
若为链表，则在链表中通过key.equals(k)查找，O(n)。
hash方法
对hashCode计算hash时，代码
/**
* Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash
* to lower. Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
* hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
* always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
* holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.) So we
* apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
* downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
* quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
* are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
* spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
* collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
* cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
* to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
* never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
*/
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash to lower. Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.) So we apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes are already reasonably distributed (so don’t benefit from spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
在设计hash函数时，因为目前的table长度n为2的幂，而计算下标的时候，是这样实现的(使用&位操作，而非%求余)：
(n - 1) & hash设计者认为这方法很容易发生碰撞。为什么这么说呢？不妨思考一下，在n - 1为15(0x1111)时，其实散列真正生效的只是低4bit的有效位，当然容易碰撞了。
因此，设计者想了一个顾全大局的方法(综合考虑了速度、作用、质量)，就是把高16bit和低16bit异或了一下。设计者还解释到因为现在大多数的hashCode的分布已经很不错了，就算是发生了碰撞也用O(logn)的tree去做了。仅仅异或一下，既减少了系统的开销，也不会造成的因为高位没有参与下标的计算(table长度比较小时)，从而引起的碰撞。
HashMap中，计算最接近输入的2的N次方。
/**
* Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity.
*/
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
int n = cap - 1;
n |= n >>> 1;
n |= n >>> 2;
n |= n >>> 4;
n |= n >>> 8;
n |= n >>> 16;
return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
}resize方法
当put时，如果发现目前的bucket占用程度已经超过了Load Factor所希望的比例，那么就会发生resize。在resize的过程，简单的说就是把bucket扩充为2倍，之后重新计算index，把节点再放到新的bucket中。resize的注释是这样描述的：
Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold. Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move with a power of two offset in the new table.
大致意思就是说，当超过限制的时候会resize，然而又因为我们使用的是2次幂的扩展(指长度扩为原来2倍)，所以，元素的位置要么是在原位置，要么是在原位置再移动2次幂的位置。
怎么理解呢？例如我们从16扩展为32时，具体的变化如下所示：
因此元素在重新计算hash之后，因为n变为2倍，那么n-1的mask范围在高位多1bit(红色)，因此新的index就会发生这样的变化：
因此，我们在扩充HashMap的时候，不需要重新计算hash，只需要看看原来的hash值新增的那个bit是1还是0就好了，是0的话索引没变，是1的话索引变成“原索引+oldCap”。可以看看下图为16扩充为32的resize示意图：
这个设计确实非常的巧妙，既省去了重新计算hash值的时间，而且同时，由于新增的1bit是0还是1可以认为是随机的，因此resize的过程，均匀的把之前的冲突的节点分散到新的bucket了。
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}几个小问题：
你知道HashMap的工作原理吗？
通过hash的方法，通过put和get存储和获取对象。存储对象时，我们将K/V传给put方法时，它调用hashCode计算hash从而得到bucket位置，进一步存储，HashMap会根据当前bucket的占用情况自动调整容量(超过Load Facotr则resize为原来的2倍)。获取对象时，我们将K传给get，它调用hashCode计算hash从而得到bucket位置，并进一步调用equals()方法确定键值对。如果发生碰撞的时候，Hashmap通过链表将产生碰撞冲突的元素组织起来，在Java 8中，如果一个bucket中碰撞冲突的元素超过某个限制(默认是8)，则使用红黑树来替换链表，从而提高速度。
你知道get和put的原理吗？equals()和hashCode()的都有什么作用？
通过对key的hashCode()进行hashing，并计算下标( n-1 & hash)，从而获得buckets的位置。如果产生碰撞，则利用key.equals()方法去链表或树中去查找对应的节点
你知道hash的实现吗？为什么要这样实现？
在Java 1.8的实现中，是通过hashCode()的高16位异或低16位实现的：(h = k.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16)，主要是从速度、功效、质量来考虑的，这么做可以在bucket的n比较小的时候，也能保证考虑到高低bit都参与到hash的计算中，同时不会有太大的开销。
如果HashMap的大小超过了负载因子(load factor)定义的容量，怎么办？
如果超过了负载因子(默认0.75)，则会重新resize一个原来长度两倍的HashMap，并且重新调用hash方法。
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