TMMI_测试过程改进框架_优化级别8_缺陷预防3

SG 2 Prioritize and Define Actions to Systematically Eliminate Root Causes of Defects

划分行动优先级和定义行动来系统的消除缺陷根本原因

Actions are defined and prioritized to systematically address root and common causes of defects.

行动被定义和划分优先级来系统的处理缺陷的根本原因和常见原因

SP 2.1 Propose solutions to eliminate root causes

提出方案来消除根本原因

Solutions are proposed to eliminate root and common causes.Example work products 1. Possible solutions 2. Clustered common / root causes of defects Sub-practices 1. Cluster common causes that can possibly be addressed through one or more related solutions For example, common causes can be clustered by development phase, technology, development lifecycle, or discipline. 2. Determine the type(s) of solutions that are most likely to address the common cause Examples of types of solutions include the following:  Process  Work product standards  Requirement rules  Architecture  Training  Recruiting  Coaching  Organizational structure  Communication and collaboration activities  Employee recognition  Review activities  Test strategy and/or test approach  Methods and techniques  Checklist(s)  Coding standards  Tools

方案被提出来减少根本和常见的原因。

例子工作产品：1. 可能的解决方案，2. 常见的缺陷原因集群。

子实践：1. 通过一个或者多个解决方案来聚集常见的原因。2.明确最有可能处理常见原因的解决方案。例如：过程，产品标准，需求标准，框架，培训，招聘，组织架构，沟通和合作行动，雇员认知，重审行为，测试策略和方法。。。。

3. Define solutions Define the solution(s) to the common cause based on the identified type(s) of solutions. Potentially appropriate methods, tools and techniques are selected as part of the solutions. Methods, tools and techniques can help the organization define coherent solutions that prevent the defects from occurring again. Methods, tools and techniques can deliver solutions that are not yet used in or known by the organization. It is also possible that best practices from within the organization are part of the solution. Best practices performed in a specific project or specific part of the organization can support the organization in defining coherent solutions that prevent defects from reoccurring. 4. Validate proposed solutions Validate the proposed solution to determine if the solutions prevent the selected defects from occurring again. The following are examples of techniques applied to validate proposed solutions:  Prototype  Walkthrough  Technical review  (Manual) simulation 5. Prioritize proposed solutions Criteria for prioritization of proposed solutions include the following:  Contribution to the business  The extent to which it contributes to remove common causes  Impact and cost of the implementation of the solution to the organization  Implications of not addressing the defects  Expected impact on quality

3，定义解决方案，为常见的原因定义解决方案，基于明确的解决方案类型。潜在的合适方法，工具，技术被选中作为解决方案的一部分。方法，工具和技术能帮助组织定义一致的解决方案来预防缺陷再次发生。方法，工具和技术能够发布哪些组织没有使用和不知道的解决方案。组织的最佳实践也可能成为解决方案的一部分。特定项目或者组织特定部分执行的最佳实践能支持组织定义一致的解决方案来阻止缺陷再次出现。 4. 验证提出的解决方案来明确这个解决方案是否能有效阻止缺陷再次发生。下面方法：原形，走查，技术重审，手动模拟， 5. 对提出的解决方案关键点划分优先级。

SP 2.2 Define action proposals and submit improvement proposals

定义行为提议和提交过程提升提议

Action proposals that fulfil the proposed solutions are defined and submitted as improvement proposals. Example work products 1. Developed action proposals 2. Recorded data 3. Submitted improvement proposals Sub-practices 1. Develop action proposals The following are examples of information provided in an action proposal [CMMI]:  Person responsible for implementing it  Description of the areas affected by it  Person(s) who will be informed of its status  Next date that the status will be reviewed  Rationale for key decisions  Description of implementation activities  Estimated cost of not fixing the problem, for instance the costs for identifying and correcting the defect when it occurs again 2. Review action proposals with relevant stakeholders The action proposals are reviewed to assess the expected reduction of business risk and/or technical risk, feasibility and impact on the organization. 3. Record data Data are recorded so that other projects and other parts of the organization can implement the defined solution. The following are examples of information data to be recorded:  Data on defects and other problems that were analyzed  Rationale for decisions  Prioritized proposed solutions  Defined actions  Defined solutions  Data from pilots or tests  Post project evaluation  Solution refinements  Cost of the analysis and resolution activities  Measures of changes to the performance 4. Submit action proposal as improvement proposal Action proposals and recorded data are handed over to the process improvement team for implementation. Improvement proposals concerning the test process are handed over to the Test Process Group; improvement proposals concerning other areas are handed over to the improvement group or (senior) manager responsible for that area. 5. Monitor improvement proposals The progress and effect of the implementation of the improvement proposals should be monitored. If the progress is not in line with the expectations, the relevant stakeholders should be informed.

行为被提出来满足已定义的解决方案并且提交提升方案。

例子工作产品：2. 开发行为方案。2记录数据，3提交提升方案。

子实践：1.开发行文提升， 3. 重审， 3.记录数据，数据被记录，从而其他项目和组织的其他部门能实施已定义的解决方案。下列数据应该被记录。缺陷数据和其他分析的问题。决策的理论依据。 评估没有修复问题的消耗，  4. 提交行为提案作为过程提升的建议。 5.监控提升提议。如果进度没有达到预期，相关利益人应该被通知。