Pytorch_Neuarl Networks

Neuarl Networks

使用torch.nn.Module来构建神经网络
一个nn.Module包含了各个层和一个forward方法，返回ouput

1. 前馈神经网络：接受一个输入，然后一层一层地传递，最后输出计算结果

训练过程：

1. 定义包含科学系参数（权重）神经网络
2. 在数据集上迭代
3. 通过神经网络处理输入
4. 计算损失（输出结果和正确值差值大小）
5. 将梯度反方向传播会网络的参数
6. 更新网络的参数： weight = weight - learning_rate * gradient

# 定义网络
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        # 1 输入通道， 6 输出通道， 5x5卷积核
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 5)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5)
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv1(x)), (2,2))
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv2(x)), 2)
        x = x.view(-1, self.num_flat_features(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x

    def num_flat_features(self, x):
        size = x.size()[1:]
        num_features = 1
        for s in size:
            num_features *= s
        return num_features


if __name__ == '__main__':
    model = Net()
    print(model)

Net(
  (conv1): Conv2d(1, 6, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
  (conv2): Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
  (fc1): Linear(in_features=400, out_features=120, bias=True)
  (fc2): Linear(in_features=120, out_features=84, bias=True)
  (fc3): Linear(in_features=84, out_features=10, bias=True)
)

模型中必须定义forward函数，backward函数（用来计算梯度）会被autograd自动创建，可以在forward函数中使用任何对Tensor的操作

# net.parameters() 返回可被学习的参数（权重）列表和值
params = list(model.parameters())
print(len(params))
print(params[0].size())

10
torch.Size([6, 1, 5, 5])

input = torch.randn(1, 1, 32, 32)
out = model(input)
print(out)

tensor([[-0.0278, -0.0444, -0.0038,  0.0215,  0.0452,  0.0473,  0.0622, -0.1564,
          0.0825,  0.0806]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward>)

# 将所有的参数的梯度缓存清零，然后进行随机梯度的反向传播
model.zero_grad()
out.backward(torch.randn(1, 10))

损失函数

一个损失函数接受一对（output， target）作为收入，计算一个值估计网络的输出和目标值相差多少
nn包中有很多不同的损失函数，nn.MSELoss是一个比较简单的损失函数，它计算输出值和目标间的均方误差
详情：address

output = model(input)
target = torch.randn(10)
target = target.view(1, -1)
criterion = nn.MSELoss()

loss = criterion(output, target)
print(loss)

tensor(0.5557, grad_fn=<MseLossBackward>)

print(loss.grad_fn)  # MSELoss
print(loss.grad_fn.next_functions[0][0])  # Linear
print(loss.grad_fn.next_functions[0][0].next_functions[0][0])  # ReLU

<MseLossBackward object at 0x000001B89A3AE0C8>
<AddmmBackward object at 0x000001B8988909C8>
<AccumulateGrad object at 0x000001B89A308DC8>

反向传播

调用loss.backward获得反向传播的误差
在调用前需要清楚已存在的梯度，否则梯度将被累加到已存在的梯度

model.zero_grad()  # 清除梯度
print('conv1.bias.grad before backward', model.conv1.bias.grad)
loss.backward()
print('conv1.bias.grad after backward', model.conv1.bias.grad)

conv1.bias.grad before backward tensor([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])
conv1.bias.grad after backward tensor([-0.0019,  0.0015, -0.0030, -0.0074,  0.0009, -0.0004])

更新权重
权重更新最简单的规则是随机梯度下降(SGD)

learning_rate = 0.01  
for f in model.parameters():  
    f.data.sub_(f.grad.data * learning_rate)  

import torch.optim as optim

optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01)
optimizer.zero_grad()
output = model(input)
loss = criterion(output, target)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()