glDrawElements 绘制立方体共用顶点的法线和UV处理

glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);

第一个参数指定了我们绘制的模式，这个和glDrawArrays的一样。第二个参数是我们打算绘制顶点的个数，这里填6，也就是说我们一共需要绘制6个顶点。第三个参数是索引的类型，这里是GL_UNSIGNED_INT。最后一个参数里我们可以指定EBO中的偏移量（或者传递一个索引数组，但是这是当你不在使用索引缓冲对象的时候），但是我们会在这里填写0。基础的使用可参考该教程：https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/01%20Getting%20started/04%20Hello%20Triangle/

在不启用索引缓冲对象的时候，传递一个索引数组，顶点坐标共用没有问题，但是UV和法线公用的话就会出错，因为每个面上的顶点UV属性和法线属性可能不同。所以要以面为单位

鸣谢文章：https://www.cnblogs.com/hefee/p/3822844.html

顶点v0为正面、右面与顶面所共用，不过法线并不能共用。正面的法线为n0，右面的法线为n1，顶面的法线为n2。对于这种情况，法线并不与共用顶点相同，顶点就不能够仅在顶点数组中指定一次。为了匹配法向数组中元素的数量，顶点数组中必须多次指定该顶点坐标。具有法线的典型立方体需要24个单一顶点：6个面×每面4个顶点。参考示例代码中的实际实现。

备份源码链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/10OJH54YliiJwYsxM9Ht55A

// cube ///
//    v6----- v5
//   /|      /|
//  v1------v0|
//  | |     | |
//  | |v7---|-|v4
//  |/      |/
//  v2------v3

// vertex coords array for glDrawArrays() =====================================
// A cube has 6 sides and each side has 2 triangles, therefore, a cube consists
// of 36 vertices (6 sides * 2 tris * 3 vertices = 36 vertices). And, each
// vertex is 3 components (x,y,z) of floats, therefore, the size of vertex
// array is 108 floats (36 * 3 = 108).
GLfloat vertices1[] = { 1, 1, 1,  -1, 1, 1,  -1,-1, 1,      // v0-v1-v2 (front)
                       -1,-1, 1,   1,-1, 1,   1, 1, 1,      // v2-v3-v0

                        1, 1, 1,   1,-1, 1,   1,-1,-1,      // v0-v3-v4 (right)
                        1,-1,-1,   1, 1,-1,   1, 1, 1,      // v4-v5-v0

                        1, 1, 1,   1, 1,-1,  -1, 1,-1,      // v0-v5-v6 (top)
                       -1, 1,-1,  -1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1,      // v6-v1-v0

                       -1, 1, 1,  -1, 1,-1,  -1,-1,-1,      // v1-v6-v7 (left)
                       -1,-1,-1,  -1,-1, 1,  -1, 1, 1,      // v7-v2-v1

                       -1,-1,-1,   1,-1,-1,   1,-1, 1,      // v7-v4-v3 (bottom)
                        1,-1, 1,  -1,-1, 1,  -1,-1,-1,      // v3-v2-v7

                        1,-1,-1,  -1,-1,-1,  -1, 1,-1,      // v4-v7-v6 (back)
                       -1, 1,-1,   1, 1,-1,   1,-1,-1 };    // v6-v5-v4

// normal array
GLfloat normals1[]  = { 0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,      // v0-v1-v2 (front)
                        0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,      // v2-v3-v0

                        1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,      // v0-v3-v4 (right)
                        1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,      // v4-v5-v0

                        0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,      // v0-v5-v6 (top)
                        0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,      // v6-v1-v0

                       -1, 0, 0,  -1, 0, 0,  -1, 0, 0,      // v1-v6-v7 (left)
                       -1, 0, 0,  -1, 0, 0,  -1, 0, 0,      // v7-v2-v1

                        0,-1, 0,   0,-1, 0,   0,-1, 0,      // v7-v4-v3 (bottom)
                        0,-1, 0,   0,-1, 0,   0,-1, 0,      // v3-v2-v7

                        0, 0,-1,   0, 0,-1,   0, 0,-1,      // v4-v7-v6 (back)
                        0, 0,-1,   0, 0,-1,   0, 0,-1 };    // v6-v5-v4

// color array
GLfloat colors1[]   = { 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 0,   1, 0, 0,      // v0-v1-v2 (front)
                        1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 1,   1, 1, 1,      // v2-v3-v0

                        1, 1, 1,   1, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,      // v0-v3-v4 (right)
                        0, 0, 1,   0, 1, 1,   1, 1, 1,      // v4-v5-v0

                        1, 1, 1,   0, 1, 1,   0, 1, 0,      // v0-v5-v6 (top)
                        0, 1, 0,   1, 1, 0,   1, 1, 1,      // v6-v1-v0

                        1, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,   0, 0, 0,      // v1-v6-v7 (left)
                        0, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,   1, 1, 0,      // v7-v2-v1

                        0, 0, 0,   0, 0, 1,   1, 0, 1,      // v7-v4-v3 (bottom)
                        1, 0, 1,   1, 0, 0,   0, 0, 0,      // v3-v2-v7

                        0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 0,   0, 1, 0,      // v4-v7-v6 (back)
                        0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 1,   0, 0, 1 };    // v6-v5-v4

///
// draw cube at upper-right corner with glDrawArrays
// A cube has only 8 vertices, but each vertex is shared for 3 different faces,
// which have different normals. Therefore, we need more than 8 vertex data to
// draw a cube. Since each face has 2 triangles, we need 6 vertices per face.
// (2 * 3 = 6) And, a cube has 6 faces, so, the total number of vertices for
// drawing a cube is 36 (= 6 faces * 6 vertices).
// Note that there are some duplicated vertex data for glDrawArray() because
// the vertex data in the vertex array must be sequentially placed in memory.
// For a cube, there are 24 unique vertex data and 12 redundant vertex data in
// the vertex array.
///
void draw2()
{
    // enble and specify pointers to vertex arrays
    glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
    glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
    glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
    glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, 0, normals1);
    glColorPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, colors1);
    glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices1);

    glPushMatrix();
    glTranslatef(2, 2, 0);                  // move to upper-right corner

    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

    glPopMatrix();

    glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);  // disable vertex arrays
    glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
    glDisableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
}


// vertex array for glDrawElements() and glDrawRangeElement() =================
// Notice that the sizes of these arrays become samller than the arrays for
// glDrawArrays() because glDrawElements() uses an additional index array to
// choose designated vertices with the indices. The size of vertex array is now
// 24 instead of 36, but the index array size is 36, same as the number of
// vertices required to draw a cube.
GLfloat vertices2[] = { 1, 1, 1,  -1, 1, 1,  -1,-1, 1,   1,-1, 1,   // v0,v1,v2,v3 (front)
                        1, 1, 1,   1,-1, 1,   1,-1,-1,   1, 1,-1,   // v0,v3,v4,v5 (right)
                        1, 1, 1,   1, 1,-1,  -1, 1,-1,  -1, 1, 1,   // v0,v5,v6,v1 (top)
                       -1, 1, 1,  -1, 1,-1,  -1,-1,-1,  -1,-1, 1,   // v1,v6,v7,v2 (left)
                       -1,-1,-1,   1,-1,-1,   1,-1, 1,  -1,-1, 1,   // v7,v4,v3,v2 (bottom)
                        1,-1,-1,  -1,-1,-1,  -1, 1,-1,   1, 1,-1 }; // v4,v7,v6,v5 (back)

// normal array
GLfloat normals2[]  = { 0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,   // v0,v1,v2,v3 (front)
                        1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,   // v0,v3,v4,v5 (right)
                        0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,   // v0,v5,v6,v1 (top)
                       -1, 0, 0,  -1, 0, 0,  -1, 0, 0,  -1, 0, 0,   // v1,v6,v7,v2 (left)
                        0,-1, 0,   0,-1, 0,   0,-1, 0,   0,-1, 0,   // v7,v4,v3,v2 (bottom)
                        0, 0,-1,   0, 0,-1,   0, 0,-1,   0, 0,-1 }; // v4,v7,v6,v5 (back)

// color array
GLfloat colors2[]   = { 1, 1, 1,   1, 1, 0,   1, 0, 0,   1, 0, 1,   // v0,v1,v2,v3 (front)
                        1, 1, 1,   1, 0, 1,   0, 0, 1,   0, 1, 1,   // v0,v3,v4,v5 (right)
                        1, 1, 1,   0, 1, 1,   0, 1, 0,   1, 1, 0,   // v0,v5,v6,v1 (top)
                        1, 1, 0,   0, 1, 0,   0, 0, 0,   1, 0, 0,   // v1,v6,v7,v2 (left)
                        0, 0, 0,   0, 0, 1,   1, 0, 1,   1, 0, 0,   // v7,v4,v3,v2 (bottom)
                        0, 0, 1,   0, 0, 0,   0, 1, 0,   0, 1, 1 }; // v4,v7,v6,v5 (back)

// index array of vertex array for glDrawElements() & glDrawRangeElement()
GLubyte indices[]  = { 0, 1, 2,   2, 3, 0,      // front
                       4, 5, 6,   6, 7, 4,      // right
                       8, 9,10,  10,11, 8,      // top
                      12,13,14,  14,15,12,      // left
                      16,17,18,  18,19,16,      // bottom
                      20,21,22,  22,23,20 };    // back


// In a cube, the number of vertex data in the vertex array can be reduced to
// 24 vertices for glDrawElements().
// Note that you need an additional array (index array) to store how to traverse
// the vertext data. For a cube, we need 36 entries in the index array.
///
void draw3()
{
    // enable and specify pointers to vertex arrays
    glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
    glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
    glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
    glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, 0, normals2);
    glColorPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, colors2);
    glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices2);

    glPushMatrix();
    glTranslatef(-2, -2, 0);                // move to bottom-left corner

    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, indices);

    glPopMatrix();

    glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);  // disable vertex arrays
    glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
    glDisableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
}