主语、形式主语、真正主语的引导词：阴影
谓语、系动词：下划线 ___
宾语、介词宾语、表语： 蓝字 ( ~~~ )
插入语：倾斜 ( _._._._ )
修饰成分：{ } 、[ ]、( )
并列、转折、固定搭配、被分割的词组、重点词汇：红字体 ( 黑字体 )
省略：非粗体 ( 倾斜 )
长状语：/... .../
从句引导词：#that ( 口 )
[ 008 ]
This preference for exogamy , Gutman suggests , may have derived / from West African rules ( governing marriage ) , [ #which , though they differed from one tribal group to another , all involved some kind of prohibition ( against unions with close kin ) ] / .
exogamy n. 族外婚;外婚制
suggest v. 建议;提议;推荐;举荐;使想到;使认为;表明;暗示
involved adj. 卷入的;参与;作为一部分; v. 牵涉;包含;需要;
prohibition n. (尤指通过法律的)禁止，阻止;禁令;禁律;
union n. 协会;联合会;会社;俱乐部;同盟;联盟;联邦;美利坚合众国，美国;联合;结为夫妻
kin n. 家属;(统称)亲属;亲戚
这种对于异族通婚得到偏好，Gutman 认为，有可能是来自 / 于 ( 管辖婚姻的 ) 西非的规定，[ 该规定尽管从一个部落到另一个部落各不相同，但都涉及到一些 (反对近亲结婚的) 禁忌 ] /
[ 009 ]
His thesis works / relatively well / / when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States / , but his definition of racial prejudice [ as " racially-based negative prejudgments against a group ( generally accepted as a race ) in any given region of ethnic competition , " ] can be interpreted / as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. /
applied v. 应用;使用;施; adj. 应用的;实用的 apply的过去分词和过去式
racial adj. 种族的;种族间的;人种的
prejudgment 预先判断;预断;预判;预决
accepted adj. 公认的;被普遍接受的
race n. 比赛，竞争，角逐;种族，人种，种;
Jew n. 犹太人;犹太教徒
他的论点 / 被应用于针对美国黑人的种族歧视时候 / ，/ 相对来说较为 / 管用， 但是他的对于种族偏见的定义 [ 即 " 在任何特定区域里用基于种族的负面的先人之见来反对某人群 ( 此人群通常被认作一个种族 ) " ] 能够被解释 / 成也包括对以下民族的敌意，比如加州的华人和中世纪欧洲的犹太人
[ 010 ]
Such variations ( in size , shape , chemistry , conduction speed , excitation threshold , and like ) ( as had been demostrated in nerve cells ) remained negligible / in significance / / for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience . /
variation n. 变异;(数量、水平等的)变化;变更;变异的东西;变种;变体;变奏;变奏曲
excitation n. 励磁;激发，兴奋
threshold n. 门槛;门口;阈;界;起始点;开端;起点;入门
remained v. 仍然是;保持不变;剩余;遗留;继续存在;仍需去做 remain的过去分词和过去式
negligible adj. 可以忽略不计的;微不足道的;不重要的;不值一提的
significance n. 意义;(尤指对将来有影响的)重要性;意思;含义
correlation n. 相关性;相关;关联;相互关系
manifold adj. 繁多的;多种多样的，许多种类的;真有多种形式
( 神经细胞中所显示出的 ) ( 在诸如大小，形状，化学构成，传导速度，兴奋阈值以及其他类似方面的 ) 差异，对于解释建立大脑体验的诸多方面与神经细胞的可能的联系来说，意义仍然微不足道
[ 011 ]
It was possible to demonstrate / by other methods / refined structural differences ( among neuron types ) ; however , prood was lacking [ #that the quality ( of the impulse ) or its condition was influenced / by these differencecs / , ( #which seemed instead to influence the dedvelopmental patterning of the neural circuits ) ] .
refined adj. 精炼 的;精制的;精炼的;
quality n. 质量;品质;上乘;优质;高标准;(尤指好的)人品，素质，品德;特征
condition n. 条件;状态;状况;
neural circuits 神经回路;神经环路;神经网络
有可能 / 通过其他方法 / 来证明 ( 神经元种类间的 ) 细微的结构差异 ； 可是 这样的 证据 是缺乏的， [ 即 ( 神经冲动的 ) 性质或状态是 / 受这些差异 / 所影响的 ，(而 这些差异 看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式) ]
[ 012 ]
Although qualitative variance ( among nerve energies ) was never rigidly disproved , but the doctrine was generally abandoned / in favor of the opposing view , ( namely , that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as " common cyrrency " throughout the nervous system . ) /
qualitative adj. 质量的;定性的;性质的
homogeneous adj. 同种类的;由相同(或同类型)事物(或人)组成的
quality n. 质量;品质;上乘;优质;高标准;(尤指好的)人品，素质，品德;特征
尽管 在神经能量上存在着 质的不同 这一点从来没有在严格意义上被反驳过 ，但 以上教条通常被抛弃掉 / 转向相反的观点，即，神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作 " 一种普通流 " 在整个神经系统中传播
[ 013 ]
Although other experments revealed slight variations ( in the size , number , arrangement , and interconnection of the nerve cells ) , but / as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned / , the obvious similarities ( of these sensory fields to each other ) seemed much more remarkable / than any of the minute differences / .
revealed v. 揭示;显示;透露;显出;露出;展示 reveal的过去分词和过去式
arrangement n. 安排;筹备;安排方式;布置;商定;约定;整理好的东西;改编乐曲
as far as 就…而言
psychoneural 心理神经的;精神神经的
correlation n. 相关性;相关;关联;相互关系
concerned v. 涉及;影响，牵涉(某人);与…有关;让(某人)担忧 concern的过去分词和过去式
similarities n. 相像性;相仿性;类似性;相像处;相似点;类似的地方 similarity的复数
field n. 领域;田;地;牧场;(作某种用途的)场地;(覆盖…的或有…的)大片地方;
minute adj. 极小的;微小的;细微的;细致入微的;详细的
尽管 其他实验显示 ( 在神经细胞的大小，数量、排列和相互连接上 ) 有一些小的差异，但是 / 就心理-神经的关系而言 / ，( 这些感官区域彼此间的 ) 明显的相似性 看起来远远要 / 比其微小的差异 / 更为令人注目
[ 014 ]
Although some experiments show #that , / as an object becomes familiar , / its internal representation becomes more holistic and that the recognition procecss correspondingly becomes more parallel , but the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis , / at least for objects ( #that are not notably simple and familiar ) / .
representation n. 表现;描述;描绘;表现形式;有代理人;代表;维护;支持;陈述;抗议
holistic adj. 全面的;整体的;功能整体性的
correspondingly adv. 关联地;相应地;相似地
parallel adj. 平行的;极相似的;同时发生的;相应的;对应的;并行的
notably adv. 尤其是;特别;尤其;极大程度上;非常
simple adj. 易于理解的;易做的;简单的;朴素的;
虽然有些实验现实 / 当一个物体变得熟悉的时候，/ 它在内心中的形象变得更为完整，而且对他的辨认过程也变得更加并行，但是证据的天平似乎倾斜于支持 (那个辨认过程是一) 系列的假说 / 至少对 那些不是特别简单的或熟悉的物体来说
[ 015 ]
/ In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement , / historians have focues a great deal of attention / in recent years / on determining / more accurately / the status of women in various periods.
feminist n. 女权主义者，女权运动者
status n. 地位;状态;身份;职位;高级职位;社会上层地位;重视程度;（进展的）状况，情形
/ 很大程度上作为妇女运动的一个结果 /，历史学家们 / 近年来 / 把大量的注意力集中于更为准备地 / 确定妇女们在不同时期的地位上面
[ 016 ]
/ If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons / , it becomes clear #that ancient Greek descriptions ( of such societies ) were meant not / so much / to represent observed historical fact-real Amazonian societies-but rather to offer " moral lessons " / on the supposed outcome ( of women's rule in their own socirty ) / .
examining v. 审查;调查;考查;考察;检查，检验;考，测验(某人) examine的现在分词
represent v. 代表，表示;代理出席;使有代表作;表述;描绘，（形象地）表现，描写;使呈现;
lesson n. 课程;课;教训;经验;
rule v. 控制;统治;支配;操纵;决定;裁定;
/ 如果我们先来研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人 / ，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊( 对于这种社会 ) 的表述不是 / 太多的 / 被用来表达观察到的历史事实--真正的亚马逊社会的--而是为了 / 对于 ( 妇女在其社会中的统治 ) 所设想的后果 / 提供一种 " 道德教训 "
[ 017 ]
Thus , for instance , it may come as a shock / to mathematicians / to learn #that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom , but it is only an approximation [ to a somewhat more correct equation ( taking account if spin , magnetic dipole , and relativistic effects ) ] ; and #that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation ( to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations )
learn v. 学;学习;学到;学会;听到;得知;获悉;记住;背熟;熟记;认识到
literally adv. 按字面;字面上; 真正地，确实地;
somewhat n. 某种程度;某些部分;某些数量;少量; adv. 有点，稍微，有几分
take account 考虑;对…考虑，重视
dipole n. 偶极子
relativistic 相对论的;相对的;相对主义;相对性;相对性的
imperfect adj. 有缺点的;有缺陷的;不完全的;不完美的
infinite set 无限集;无限集合;无穷集;无限集或无穷集
quantum n. 量子
所以，我们可以举一个例子，/ 对于数学家们而言 / ，得知以下的两种情况会令他们震惊不已：1. 氢原子的薛定谔方程并不是对这种原子的一个精准的，正确的描述。而它只是 [ 对于一个在某种成程度上更为正确的方程式 ] 一个近似表达，( 该更为正确的方程式是描述自选，磁双偶极子以及相对论效应得到 )。2. 后面所说的这个更为正确的方程式自己也仅是 ( 对于无限序列的量子场论方程式的 ) 一个不完美的近似表达
[ TPO5 - C2 ]
NARRATOR
Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.
FEMALE STUDENT
Hi, I was wondering if I could talk with you about the assignment in the film theory class.
MALE PROFESSOR
Of course, Jill.
FEMALE STUDENT
It seems that pretty much everyone else in the class gets what they are supposed to be doing but I'm not so sure.
MALE PROFESSOR
Well, the class is for students who are really serious about film.
You must have taken film courses before.
FEMALE STUDENT
Yeah, in high school, [upspeak] Film Appreciation.
MALE PROFESSOR
Um... I wouldn't think that would be enough. Did you concentrate mainly on form or content?
FEMALE STUDENT
Oh, definitely content. We'd watch, say Lord of the Flies, and then discuss it.
MALE PROFESSOR
Oh, that approach…treating film as literature, ignoring what makes it unique.
FEMALE STUDENT
I liked it, though.
MALE PROFESSOR
Sure, but that kind of class…
Well, I'm not surprised that you are feeling a little lost.
You know, we have two introductory courses that are supposed to be taken before you get to my course—one in film art, techniques…technical stuff…and another in film history.
So students in the class you are in should be pretty far along in film studies.
In fact, usually the system blocks anyone trying to sign up for a class they shouldn’t be taking, who hasn’t taken the courses you’re required to do first, as prerequisites.
FEMALE STUDENT
Well, I did have a problem with that but I discussed it with one of your office staff, and she gave me permission.
MALE PROFESSOR
Of course. [no surprise] No matter how many times I tell them, they just keep on.
Well, for your own good, I'd really suggest dropping back and starting at the usual place.
FEMALE STUDENT
Yes. But I've already been in this class for 4 weeks.
I'd hate to just drop it now especially since I find it so different, so interesting.
MALE PROFESSOR
I guess so—frankly, I can't believe you've lasted this long.
These are pretty in-depth theories we've been discussing and you've been doing OK so far, I guess.
But still, the program's been designed to progress through certain stages.
Like any other professional training we build on previous knowledge.
FEMALE STUDENT
Then maybe you could recommend some extra reading I can do to catch up?
MALE PROFESSOR
Well, are you intending to study film as your main concentration?
FEMALE STUDENT
No, no, I—I am just interested. I'm actually in marketing, but there seems to be a connection.
MALE PROFESSOR
Oh... well, in... in that case, if you're taking the course just out of interest, I mean I still highly recommend signing up for the introductory courses at some point, but in the meantime, there is no harm I guess in trying to keep up with this class.
The interest is clearly there.
Uh, instead of any extra reading just now though, you could view some of the old introductory lectures—we have them on video—that would give you a better handle on the subject.
It's still a pretty tall order, and we will be moving right along, so you will really need to stay on top of it.
FEMALE STUDENT
OK, I've been warned. Now, could I tell you about my idea for the assignment...?
What is the conversation mainly about?
A. An assignment about which the student would like advice
B. Concerns as to whether the student should be in the professor’s course
C. The selection of films to be viewed by students in a film theory course
D. The structure and sequence of courses in the Film Department
What is the professor’s attitude toward the student’s high school film course?
A. He does not consider it satisfactory preparation for the class he teaches
B. He does not think that literary works should be discussed in film classes
C. He believes that this type of course often confuses inexperienced students
D. He feels that the approach taken in this course is the best way to learn about film
Why was the student permitted to sign up for professor’s film theory course?
A. Her high school course fulfilled the requirement for previous course work
B. The computer system that usually blocks students was not working properly
C. An employee in the department did not follow instructions
D. The professor made an exception in her case
Why does the professor decide to allow the student in his class?
A. She needs to take the course in order to graduate
B. He is impressed with her eagerness to continue
C. She convinces him that she does have adequate preparation for the course
D. He learns that she is not studying film as her main course of study
What does the professor advise the student to do in order to keep up with the class she is in?
A. Take the introductory course
B. Watch some video recordings
C. Do extra reading
D. Drop out of her marketing class
[ 018 ]
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument , since an argument ( that is convincing / only if it is precise / ) loses all its force / if the assumptions ( on which it is based ) are slightly changed , / whereas an argument ( that is convincing though imprecise ) may well be stable / under small perturbations ( of its underlying assumptions ) . /
rightly adv. 正当地;理由充分地;正确地;恰当地;精确地
dread v. 畏惧;厌恶，不愿;担忧，忧虑
though conj. 虽然;尽管;即使;
perturbation n. 忧虑;不安;烦恼;摄动;微扰;小变异
underlying v. 构成…的基础;作为…的原因
物理学家正确地不敢做精准的论证，因为一个 ( / 只有当它是精准的时候 ) 才令人信服的 / 论证 / , / ( 如果作为他的基础 ) 假设发生了一点点变化 / 就是去其全部说服力；而 ( 一个尽管不很精确但却是令人信服的 ) 论证，/ ( 当作为它的基础的假设 ) 稍有变动时，/ 仍有可能是稳定的
[ 019 ]
However , / as they gained cohesion / , the Bluestockings came to regard themselves / as a women's group / and came to possess a sense of female solidarity { lacking in the salonnireres , [ who remained isolated from one another by the primacy ( that each salonnierere held in her own salon ) ] }
regard vt. 将…认为;把…视为;看待; n. 注意;关注;关心;尊重;
sense n. 感觉;知觉;意识，观念;理解力;辨别力，判断力;
solidarity n. 团结;齐心协力;同心同德;相互支持
remained v. 仍然是;保持不变;剩余;遗留;继续存在; remain的过去分词和过去式
primacy n. 首要地位;首要;至高无上;总主教职
held v. 拿着;抓住;抱住;托住;捂住，按住;使保持(在某位置) hold的过去分词和过去式
然而，/ 随着他们获得凝聚力 / ，" 蓝袜女 " 们 开始把自己视为 / 一个妇女的团体 / ，并抱有一个女性团结的意识；{ 此种意识是 “ 沙龙女 ” 们所缺乏的，[ 他们仍然彼此之间互不来往，这是由于( 每个 “ 沙龙女 ” 在自己沙龙中的 ) 老大地位造成的 ] }
[ 020 ]
/ As my own studies have advanced , / I have been increasingly impressed / with the functional similarities ( between insect societies and vertebrate societies ) / and less so ( less so = I have been increasingly less impressed ) / with the structural differences ( #that seem , at first glance , to constitute such an immense gulf between them . ) /
at first glance 乍一看;乍看上去
constitute vt. 组成，构成;被视为，可算作;
immense adj. 极大的;巨大的
gulf n. 海湾;波斯湾;分歧;鸿沟;隔阂;（地面的）裂口，深坑，沟壑
/ 随着我自己的研究不断进展，/ 我越来越留下深刻得到印象 / 由于后者两者之间的功能上的相似性，( 这两者是在昆虫社会和脊椎动物的社会之间 ) ； 并且就越来越感觉不到 / 他们之间的结构上的差异，( 此差异乍看上去似乎构成了二者之间的巨大鸿沟 )
[ 021 ]
Although fiction assuredly springs / from political circumstances / , but its authors react ( to those circumstancecs ) / in ways other than ideological / , and talking about novels and stories / primarily as instruments of ideology / circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
spring from 来自;源于;来源于
in ways 在某些方面
other than 除了…以外，除外;不同，不同于，不
circumvent vt. 设法回避;规避;绕过;绕行;绕道旅行
尽管小说确实都是来自于 / 政治氛围之下的 / ，但是 其作者 ( 对这些环境的 ) 反应 / 却和意识形态无关 /，而且 / 主要以意识形态为工具 来讨论小说和故事，则在很大程度上限制 ( 或陷害 ) 了小说事业
[ 022 ]
Is this a defect , or are the authors working out of , or trying to forge , a different kind of aesthetic ?
work out 锻炼;想出，得到（解决方法）;解（谜）;计算出，解出（数学题答案）;计算下来
这到底是个欠缺，还是作者想要按照一种不同的美学来创作，抑或是试图创造一种不同的美学呢
[ 023 ]
/ In a addition / , the style of some Black novels , like Jean Toomer's Cane , verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint { to the prevalent theme [ #that portrays the fate ( against #which Black heroes are pitted ) ] , ( a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ) } ?
verge n. 边缘;(路边的)小草地，绿地 v. 接近，濒于
expressionism n. 表现主义
surrealism n. 超现实主义;超现实主义派
counterpoint n. 对位法，对位(各声部互相结合);复调;
prevalent adj. 流行的;盛行的;普遍存在的
against prep. 反对;与…相反;逆;违反;对…不利;
pitted adj. 表面有小点(或小洞)的;坑坑洼洼的;去核的
conveyed v. 表达，传递(思想、感情等);传送;运送;输送 convey的过去分词和过去式
naturalistic adj. 自然主义的;自然主义风格的;写实的;顺从自然的
不仅如此 /，有些黑人小说 ( 比如Jean Toomer的《甘蔗》) ，的风格接近于表现主语或超现实主义；这种技巧是否 为流行的主题 提供了一个和谐的对应呢？ 这种主题 刻画了 黑人主人公与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题
[ TOP6 - L3 ]
NARRATOR
Listen to part of a lecture in a creative writing class.
MALE PROFESSOR
Alright everybody, the topic for today is, well, we're gonna take a look at how to start creating the characters for the story you're writing.
One way of doing that is to come up with what's called "a character sketch", I don't mean a sketch like a drawing, I guess that's obvious.
It's um... it's a... a sketch is a way of getting started on defining your characters' personalities.
To begin, how do we create fictional characters? We don't just pull them from thin air, do we? I mean we don't create them out of nothing.
We base them, consciously or unconsciously, we base them on real people, or we blend several people's traits, their attributes into one character.
But when people think fiction, they may assume the characters come from the author's imagination.
But the writer's imagination is influenced by... by real people.
Could be anyone, so pay attention to the people you meet, someone in class, at the gym, that guy who is always sitting in the corner of the coffee house, um... your cousin, who's always getting into dangerous situations.
We're pulling from reality, gathering bits and pieces of real people.
You use these people, and the bits of behavior or characteristics as a starting point as you begin to sketch out your characters.
Here is what you should think about doing first.
When you begin to formulate a story, make a list of interesting people you know or have observed.
Consider why they're unique or annoying.
Then make notes about their unusual or dominant attributes.
As you create fictional characters, you'll almost always combine characteristics from several different people on your list to form the identity and personality of just one character.
Keeping this kind of character sketch can help you solidify your character's personality, so that it remains consistent throughout your story.
You need to define your characters, know their personalities so that you can have them acting in ways that are predictable, consistent with their personalities.
Get to know them like a friend, you know your friends well enough to know how they'll act in certain situations, right?
Say you have three friends, their car runs out of gas on the highway.
John gets upset. Mary remains calm. Teresa takes charge of handling the situation.
And let's say,both John and Mary defer to her leadership.
They call you to explain what happened.
And when John tells you he got mad, you're not surprised, because he always gets frustrated when things go wrong.
Then he tells you how Teresa took charge, calmed him down, assigned tasks for each person and got them on their way.
Again, you're not surprised. It's exactly what you'd expect.
Well, you need to know your characters, like you know your friends...if you know a lot about the person's character, it's easy to predict how they'll behave.
So if your character's personalities are well-defined, it will be easy for you as the writer to portray them realistically... er... believably, in any given situation.
While writing character sketches, do think about details.
Ask yourself questions, even if you don't use the details in your story, um... what does each character like to eat, what setting does each prefer, the mountains, the city, what about educational background, their reactions to success or defeat, write it all down.
But, here I need to warn you about a possible pitfall.
Don't make you character into a stereotype.
Remember the reader needs to know how your character is different from other people who might fall in the same category.
Maybe your character loves the mountains and has lived in a remote area for years.
To make sure he is not a stereotype, ask yourself how he sees life differently from other people who live in that kind of setting.
Be careful not to make him into the cliché of the "ragged mountain dweller".
Okay, now, I'll throw out a little terminology... it’s easy stuff.
Major characters are sometimes called "round characters".
Minor characters are sometimes called, well, just the opposite, "flat".
A round character is fully developed; a flat character isn't, character development is fairly limited.
The flat character tends to serve mainly as a motivating factor.
For instance, you introduce a flat character who has experienced some sort of defeat...and then your round...your main character who loves success and loves to show off, comes and boasts about succeeding... and jokes about the flat character's defeat in front of others... humiliates the other guy.
The flat character is introduced solely for the purpose of allowing the round character to show off.
personalities n. 性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;气度;名人，风云人物 personality的复数
thin air 稀薄的空气;空气稀薄;无影无踪;稀薄空气;子虚乌有
trait n. 特质;(人的个性的)特征，特性，特点
attribute n. 属性;特征;性质;定语 vt. 把…归因于;认为…是由于;认为是…所为
gathering n. 聚集;聚会;集会;收集;采集;搜集
consistent adj. 一致的;始终如一的;连续的;持续的;与…一致的;相符的;符合的;
take charge of 负责
handling v. 处理，应付;(用手)触，拿，搬动;控制，操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
defer to 遵从；顺从；听从;把…委托给…
frustrated v. 挫败;使懊丧;使懊恼;使沮丧;阻止;防止 frustrate的过去分词和过去式
warn v. 警告;提醒注意(可能发生的事);使警惕;劝告(使有所防备);告诫
pitfall n. 陷阱;困难;危险;(尤指)隐患
stereotype n. 刻板印象;模式化观念(或形象);陈规，老一套;
cliche n. 陈词滥调;陈腐的套语;使用陈词滥调
ragged adj. 破旧的;褴褛的;衣衫褴褛的;
round adj. 圆形的;环形的;球形的;
fully adv. 完全地;全部地;充分地;整整;足足
fairly adv.相当地;一定地;公平合理地;公正地;(用以强调)简直，竟然
tend to v. 倾向于;有助于
show off 炫耀;卖弄;表现自己;显摆（某物）
humiliate vt. 羞辱;使丧失尊严
solely adv. 唯一地;仅;只;唯;单独地
purpose n. 意图;目的;用途;目标;情势的需要;重
[ TPO9 - P1 ]
It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets–the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west–that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.
called into question 受到质疑
demonstration n. 集会示威;游行示威;示范;示范表演;演示;证明;证实;论证;说明;表达
radiocarbon n. 放射性碳
crumble v. 粉碎;崩溃;瓦解;坍塌;(使)破碎，成碎屑;损坏;崩裂;(开始渐渐)衰退，衰弱;消亡
According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by
A. paleoecologist Glen MacDonald's argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believed
B. the demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect
C. evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believed
D. research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed
Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.
then adv. 然后;(指过去)当时，那时;(指将来)到那时，届时;接着;其后;
coast n. 海岸;海滨 vi. 滑行，惯性滑行;快速平稳地移动;不费力地取得成功;沿海岸航行
aware adj. 意识到的;意识到;知道;明白;察觉到;发觉;发现;对…有兴趣的;有…意识的
milder adj. 温和的;和善的;不严厉的;和煦的;不强烈的;轻微的 mild的比较级
Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to
A. discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected
B. present the evidence on which the theory was based
C. cite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrect
D. explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible
Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?
A. They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.
B. They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder.
C. They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to melt.
D. They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.
The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.
settled v. 结束决定，确定，安排好;定居 settle的过去分词和过去式
states v. 陈述;说明;声明;规定;公布 state的第三人称单数和复数
lend v. 借给;借出;(向…)贷(款);给…增加，增添(特色);给予，提供
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.
A. Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.
B. Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.
C. The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.
D. According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.
More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.
support vt. 支持;拥护;鼓励;帮助;
geologic adj. 地质学的;地质（学）的，地质（学）上的
deglaciation n. 冰川的消失
existence n. 存在;实有;
sizable adj. 可观的;相当大的;颇大的
shelf n. 架子;陆架;
suggest v. 建议;提议;推荐;举荐;使想到;使认为;表明;暗示
deglaciated 消融的
The author's purpose in paragraph 4 is to
A. indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis
B. indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously
C. explain why humans may have reached America's northwest coast before animals and plants did
D. show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State
[ TPO11 - P2 ]
Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order.
According to paragraph 3, when do caged starlings become restless?
A. When the weather is overcast
B. When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route
C. When their normal time for migration arrives
D. When mirrors are used to change the apparent position of the Sun
In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.
According to paragraph 5, how did the birds fly when the real Sun was visible?
A. They kept the direction of their flight constant.
B. They changed the direction of their flight at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.
C. They kept flying toward the Sun.
D. They flew in the same direction as the birds that were seeing the artificial Sun.
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