[ 60 ]
I am sure not many archaeologists could either.
我相信也没有多少考古学家能做到
That's why some archaeologists also study astronomy.
这就是为什么一些考古学家也研究天文学
Actually, it's an entire branch of archaeology, called archaeoastronomy.
实际上，这是考古学的一个完整分支，叫做考古学天文学。
[ 61 ]
Combining archaeology and astronomy gives us insight into ancient cultures, because it helps us to understand part of their motivation as a culture.
将考古学和天文学结合起来，可以让我们深入了解古代文化，因为作为一种文化，他可以帮助我们理解他们的部分动机是什么
And the more we learn about ancient civilizations all over the world, the more we begin to see the importance of this field of research.
我们对世界各地的古代文明了解得越多，就越开始看到这一研究领域的重要性
[ 62 ]
There are other clues that point to the importance of astronomy to the Maya, such as the placement of buildings and how they were built.
还有其他线索表明天文学对玛雅人的重要性，比如建筑物的位置和建造方式
In fact, there is a building, one of the few round buildings built by the Maya that archaeologists studied and were puzzled about for years.
事实上，这里有一座建筑，是玛雅人建造的为数不多的圆形建筑之一，考古学家对此进行了多年的研究和困惑
[ 63 ]
It looks remarkably like a modern observatory, but it wasn't until astronomers studied it that we found that the building was set up to pretty accurately track the planet Venus.
它看起来非常像一个现代天文台，但直到天文学家对它进行研究，我们才发现这座建筑的建造是为了非常准确地追踪金星
[ 64 ]
Okay, good, that was one hypothesis.
好的，很好，这是一个假设
Two things, though: it's at a very high elevation, plus it's covered in snow about eight months a year.
不过有两件事：它的海拔很高，加上每年大约有八个月被雪覆盖。
So it's not very accessible.
所以它不是很容易访问
[ 65 ]
Well, a tent or a teepee was another idea.
嗯，帐篷或圆锥形帐篷是另一个主意
But remember, it's high up in the mountains and the whole thing is pretty large, almost twenty-five meters across, much bigger than the base of a tent would have been.
但注意，它在高山上，整个东西相当大，几乎有25米宽，比帐篷的底部大
[ 66 ]
Only in early 1970s, an astronomer learned about a different wheel, five or six hunderd kilometers south of the one in Wyoming, and how parts of that wheel lined up with the rising and setting sun on certain days of the year.
直到1970初，一位天文学家才发现到另一个轮子，在Wyoming的轮子以南五六公里处，以及这个轮子的部分在一年中的某些日子是如何与日出和日落对齐的。
[ 67 ]
He studied the lines of rocks, he took lots of measurements and he found that when looking across the wheel, certain points / on the wheel / lined up with the points / on the horizon where the sun rose and set during the summer solstice in June. /
他研究了岩石排成的线条，进行了大量测量，发现当穿过轮子看时，轮子上的某些点与地平线上6月夏至太阳升起和落下的点对齐。
And there were other alignments to three very bright stats when they appeared in the sky for the fitst time each year, 28 days apart from each other, same as the lunar month.
另外还有三个指向的位置，是三个非常两的星星，每年首次出现在天空，彼此相差28天，正好是农历月份长度
[ 68 ]
Well, a calendar... I think an astronomical tool, an observatory, that helped make a calendar would be more accurate.
日历，我觉得说他是一个能帮助制作天文学工具或者是天文台更准确一点
[ 69 ]
But before John Eddie's research, no one ever studied in that context.
但在John Eddie的研究之前，没有人在这种背景下进行过研究。
They never even considered it.
他们甚至从未考虑过。
The discovery prompted archaeologists and astronomers to join forces more often.
这一发现促使考古学家和天文学家更频繁地联合起来。
[ 70 ]
Many films / from the 1920s / have been forgotten, but the movies / from this era / that have survived, that have gone down in cinema history, are predominantly independent works.
许多1920年的电影已经被遗忘，但这个时代幸存下来的电影，在电影史上留下了深刻的印象，主要是独立作品
[ 71 ]
There are several ways to define them, but for the purposes of today's lecture, by independent, I mean films that were not produced by the huge production companies that dominated the movie industry at the time, films made by small production companies that work outside the huge Hollywood studio system.
有几种方法可以定义它们，但就今天的讲座而言，我所说的独立电影，不是当时主导电影产业的大型公司制作的电影，是在巨大的好莱坞的工作室系统之外小型制作公司制作的电影
[ 72 ]
Since the directors of independent movies were affiliated with smaller production companies, they had more control over the content and the style of the movie than directors of big Hollywood studio movies did.
由于独立电影的导演隶属于较小的制片公司，他们对电影内容和风格的控制权比好莱坞大制片厂的导演更大
This control seems to have worked in allowing more creativity.
这种控制似乎激发了更多的创造力
[ 73 ]
But finding opportunities for creativity was difficult at this time, because smaller production companies were constantly being bought by larger companies.
但此时很难找到创造力的机会，因为小制作公司不断被大公司收购。
This is part of the process we call industry consolidation where small companies joined together or are bought by larger companies.
这是我们所说的行业合并过程的一部分，即小公司合并在一起或被大公司收购
[ 74 ]
Something else that didn't bode well for creative independence was vertical integration
另外的一些对创新独立来说不是好兆头就是垂直整合
the system where a single company owns the means to produce, distribute and show its films.
一个公司拥有制作、分发和放映其电影的手段的系统
So we're talking about control throughout the entire process.
所以我们谈论的是整个过程的控制
[ 75 ]
Marcus Loew, the owner of a chain of movie theaters based in New York, bought these production companies and created a huge movie production company that could provide films to show in all of the theaters / that he already owned.
Marcus Loew，一位在纽约拥连锁电影院的老板，购买了这些制片公司，并创建了一个庞大的电影制作公司，可以为他已经拥有的所有电影院提供影片放映
[ 76 ]
He was known for his skill as visual stylist, especially his use of lighting and interior scenes to create contrast.
他以其出色的视觉风格而闻名，尤其是他使用灯光和室内场景来制造对比
You can see those contrasts / in what's considered his most important film -- The Last of the Mohicans.
你可以在被认为是他最重要的电影《最后的莫西干人》中看到这些对比
Tourneur's lighting reflects the tension between characters.
Tourneur的灯光反映了角色之间的紧张关系
[ 77 ]
However, as the big production corporations grew bigger, Tourneur had fewer opportunities and he eventually began working for one of the big companies.
然而，随着大型制片公司的不断扩张，Tourneur 的机会变得越来越少，最终他开始为其中一家大公司工作
He didn't do well under the authority of a producer, however.
然而，在制片人的权威下，他表现得不太好
In fact, he left in the middle of a movie production and that was the end of his American film career.
事实上，他在一次电影制作中途离开，那就是他美国电影生涯的终结
[ 78 ]
Well, one thing Griffith did was to open his movies on his own before they were distributed in theaters, so that he didn't have to share the money coming in from ticket prices with a distributor.
Griffith 所做的一件事就是在电影院发行之前自己放映他的电影，这样他就不必与发行商分享票价收入
[ 79 ]
Even though his films were popular, they didn't make enough money to pay back all the loans.
尽管他的电影很受欢迎，但它们并没有赚足够的钱来偿还所有的贷款
Eventually, he took a job as a studio director for one of the big companies.
最终，他接受了一家大公司的工作，担任了导演的职务
But, like Tourneur, he didn't work well when someone else was giving the orders.
然而，就像Tourneur一样，当有人给出指令时，他的工作表现并不好
He made his last film in 1931.
他在1931年拍摄了他的最后一部电影
[ 80 ]
Right, the Great Red Spot is a giant storm on Jupiter. It's called the Great Red Spot because it covers an area twice as wide as the diameter of Earth.
对，巨大红斑是木星上的一个巨大风暴。它被称为巨大红斑是因为它覆盖的面积是地球直径的两倍
And, um, it's been going on for at least, like, 150 years.
而且这个现象已经持续了至少150年
[ 81 ]
Like the Great Red Spot, the Great Cold Spot, is also found in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter at very high altitudes, and the Great Cold Spot is roughly the same size as the Great Red Spot, so that means... Jim?
就像巨大红斑一样，巨大寒斑也位于木星的上层大气中，海拔非常高，并且巨大寒斑的大小大与巨大红斑相同，这意味着...Jim?
[ 82 ]
That's right, but there's a difference.
对，但有一个区别
Unlike the shape of the Great Red Spot, the shape of the Great Cold Spot isn't consistent.
不像巨大红斑的形状，巨大寒斑的形状并不是一成不变的
Its shape changes pretty regularly.
它的形状变化相当频繁
We aren't positive why, but we think it may related to or caused by auroras on Jupiter.
我们不能确定原因，但我们认为它可能与木星上的极光有关或因此导致
[ 83 ]
The phenomenon is caused by energy particles from the Sun that enter Earth's atmosphere, and the northern lights create this amazing, like, a light show in the sky, green and red.
这种现象是由来自太阳的能量粒子进入地球大气层引起的，而极光在天空中呈现出一场惊人的光秀，呈现绿色和红色
They are visible in the most northern parts of our planet when it's very dark out and the sky is clear.
它们在地球最北部的地区，在夜晚非常黑暗且天空晴朗时可见
[ 84 ]
Okay, right. I got to witness the northern lights myself in Alaska some years ago when I was a graduate student, and I can tell you that they're really breathtaking.
好吧。我亲眼目睹了阿拉斯加的北极光在几年前，当我还是一名研究生的时候，我可以告诉你，它们真的令人惊叹
[ 85 ]
And something similar happens on Jupiter. There are also energy particles involved, but in Jupiter's case, they don't come from the Sun; they come from one of Jupiter's moons -- IO.
木星上也发生了类似的情况。 还涉及能量粒子，但就木星而言，它们不是来自太阳，它们来自木星的卫星之一IO
And like on Earth, there's an influx of these energy particles, and they helped cause an aurora in Jupiter's northern regions in the upper atmosphere.
就像在地球上一样，这些能量粒子大量涌入，它们导致在木星北部地区的高层大气中形成了极光。
[ 86 ]
On Earth, an aurora can cause what we call a vortex in the upper atmosphere.
在地球上，极光会在高层大气中引起我们所说的涡旋
A vortex is a whirlwind, a massive air that swirls round and round in a circular motion.
漩涡是旋风，是一种以圆周运动不断旋转的巨大空气
And these vortexes caused by auroras are cooler than the surrounding air.
而且这些由极光引起的漩涡比周围的空气温度要低
[ 87 ]
Okay, now what's interesting is that these newer observations are different from previous findings.
好吧，现在有趣的是这些新的观察结果与以前的发现不同
We'd always thought we were observing a gradual change in temperature, like a gradual smoothing out as we move away from an aurora.
我们一直认为我们正在观察温度的逐渐变化，就像我们远离极光时逐渐平滑一样
So it's really surprising to observe such significant localized cooling.
因此，观察到如此显着的局部冷却确实令人惊讶
[ 88 ]
What happened was researchers were studying Jupiter's atmosphere, mapping its temperature and density, and they discovered an area that was significantly cooler than the gas around it.
发生的情况是，研究人员正在研究木星的大气层，绘制其温度和密度图，发现了一个比周围气体温度低得多的区域
And when they looked at previous observations of Jupiter, they realized that this area had been visible, but not recognized, for at least the last 15 years of data in the same place.
当他们查看之前对木星的观测结果时，他们意识到该区域在同一地点至少 15 年的数据中一直是可见的，但未被识别
[ 89 ]
So it's actually fairly stable in the long term, but because of how much its shape changes in the short term, it's at times not very prominent, not very obvious.
所以从长远来看它实际上是相当稳定的，但是由于它的形状在短期内发生了很大的变化，所以它有时不是很突出，不是很明显
[ 90 ]
In psychological terms, you first made a cognitive judgment, then you made a metacognitive judgment.
从心理学的角度来说，你首先做出认知判断，然后做出元认知判断
Simply put, metacognition means thinking about thinking.
简而言之，元认知意味着审视见解
In our example, it means the ability to judge your own perception.
在我们的例子中，它意味着判断自己的看法的能力
[ 91 ]
Now, this ceiling is actually three meters high.
现在，这个天花板实际上有三米高
So you weren't very accurate in your perception.
所以你的认知不太准确
But you knew that you were probably wrong, so your metacognitive judgment was accurate.
但你知道你可能错了，所以你的元认知判断是准确的
[ 92 ]
Metacognitive ability is the ability to discriminate correct decisions from incorrect ones, to make judgments about your decisions.
元认知能力是区分正确决策和错误决策的能力，并对你的决策做出判断。
It's been getting a lot of attention recently, because...
它最近受到了很多关注，因为
[ 93 ]
Well, if you aren't sure about a decision, you'd maybe go back and think about it a bit more.
好吧，如果你不确定某个决定，你可能会回去再考虑一下
Like, maybe you'd be less likely to make a wrong decision.
就像，也许你做出错误决定的可能性较小
[ 94 ]
We know from earlier studies that there is a specific area of the brain that's associated with skills that, we think, are linked to metacognition.
我们从早期的研究中得知，大脑中有一个特定区域与我们认为与元认知相关的技能相关。
It's located near the front of your head, in the anterior prefrontal cortex.
它位于头部前部附近的前额叶皮层
[ 95 ]
Using technology that allows them to scan and get images of the brain, researchers can look for differences in the amount of brain tissue in the anterior prefrontal cortex and that brings us to a recent experiment.
使用技术允许扫描和获取大脑图像，研究人员可以寻找前额叶皮质中脑组织数量的差异，所以我们要提到最近的一项实验
[ 96 ]
Now, the thing is, in one of these two screens, one of the patches was different. It was a little brighter than the others.
好，问题是，在这两个屏幕之一，其中一个色块是不同的。它比其他的亮一点。
And the subjects were asked to judge which of the two screens showed the brighter patch, screen one or screen two.
受试者被要求判断两个屏幕中哪一个显示更亮的色块，屏幕一还是屏幕二。
After that, they were presented with a metacognitive task.
之后，他们进行了一项元认知测试任务
They had to decide, on a scale from one to six, how confident they were about their judgements.
他们必须从一到六的范围内决定他们对自己的判断有多自信
[ 97 ]
The only way this experiment works is if you can separate metacognitive ability from perceptual ability.
这个实验成功的唯一方法是你可以将元认知能力与感知能力分开
So the perceptual task was designed to automatically adjust to the subjects' individual perceptual abilities.
所以感知任务被设计为自动适应受试者个体的感知能力
[ 98 ]
The researchers used a method called the staircase procedure.
研究人员使用的方法叫做阶梯程序
The staircase procedure made the perceptual task equally challenging for all subjects, regardless of ability, by lowering or raising the intensity of the stimulus, in this case, the brightness of the patch.
阶梯程序使感知任务对所有受试者具有同样的挑战性，无论其能力如何，通过降低或提高刺激的强度在本例中为色块的亮度
[ 99 ]
And it turned out that the images that showed more gray matter, more brain tissue in a particular area of the prefrontal cortex, were from subjects who tended to have a higher metacongnitive ability, who were better at evaluating their own performance on the visual tasks.
最终证明，那些图片中现实更多灰色物质的，在特定的前额叶区域有更多的闹组织，来自于那些倾向于更高元认知能力的受试者，他们在评价自己视觉任务表现更为精准
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