[ 30 ]
Now, you are going to be working on / writing a series of music lessons / for very young children.
现在，你将为年幼的孩子们编写一系列音乐课程
As before, you'll be basing / the degin of your lessons / on the existing research / into how children of the specific age group -- infants lessthan a year old -- perceive music.
和以前一样，你的课程将以现有的研究为基础，研究特定年龄段的儿童，不到一岁的婴儿如何感知音乐
[ 31 ]
now you may be wondering how we can gain any insight into how infants perceive music when they can't talk yet,
现在你可能想知道，当婴儿还不会说话时，我们如何才能深入了解他们是如何感知音乐的
it's true they can't actually tell us anything with words, but we do have methods of evaluating their sensory perceptions.
的确，他们实际上无法用语言告诉我们任何事情，但我们确实有评估他们感官感知的方法
[ 32 ]
in the context of research into early childhood development.
在幼儿发展研究的背景下
that means measuring how much attention they pay to stimuli.
这意味着测量他们对刺激的关注程度
how quickly do they turn their heads toward one sound as opposed to a different sound, how much time do they spend listening to each sound before they look away.
他们多快地将头转向一种声音而不是另一种声音，他们在移开视线之前花多长时间聆听每种声音
[ 33 ]
Here's an example, one of my colleagues / did a study of infants / in which she played them a recoding of a child / singing a song.
举个例子，我的一位同事对婴儿做了一项研究，她给他们播放了一个孩子唱歌的录音
The reason she used a child singer is because infants are known to have a preference for high pitched voices.
她之所以选择儿童歌手，是因为众所周知，婴儿更喜欢高音
[ 34 ]
all the infants listened longer to the unaccompanied version -- the voice only, without any instruments.
所有的婴儿都听了更长时间的无伴奏版本——只有声音，没有任何乐器。
that was their universal preference.
这是他们的普遍偏好
[ 35 ]
but despite their having this innate auditory perception, infant seemed to be able to process only a limited amount of information at any one time,
但尽管他们有这种天生的听觉感知，婴儿似乎在任何时候都只能处理有限的信息量，
because their brains are at such an early stage of development.
因为他们的大脑正处于发育的早期阶段
Having to attend to two sounds simultaneously, the voice and the instrument, is probably more than they can handle.
必须同时注意两种声音，声音和乐器，这可能超出了他们的能力
[ 36 ]
it's likely that they can't focus on differences in the sounds and the similarity of the melodies at the same time.
很可能他们不能同时关注不同的声音旋律相似的
[ 37 ]
but once their brains mature a little bit, about when they reach first birthday.
但一旦他们的大脑稍微成熟一点，大约在他们一岁生日的时候
they develop the ability to recognize that the melodies are identical.
他们培养了识别旋律相同的能力
even though the instruments playing them sound so different.
尽管演奏它们的乐器听起来如此不同
[ 38 ]
but this is not something you need to know for the assignment, but i just want to mention it's fascinating the way humans adapt to the music they're exposed to.
但这不是你在任务中需要知道的，但我只是提到，人类适应他们所接触的音乐的方式很有趣
[ 39 ]
that is infants also all start out with similar perceptual abilities and then they gradually acquire knowledge about the specific kinds of sounds that are popular in the music of the society they live in.
也就是说，婴儿一开始也都有相似的感知能力，然后他们逐渐了解他们所生活的社会中流行的特定种类的声音
[ 40 ]
as we've discussed, the earth's not a solid, uniform mass. It's layered and we traditionally think of it in terms of three layers -- the crust, the mantle, and the core. The crust is the relatively thin, cool outer layer. Then, according to the traditional model, beneath that is the mantle, and finaly at the center of the Earth is the core.
正如我们所讨论的，地球不是一个固体，均匀的质量。它是分层的，我们传统上认为它有三层，地壳、地幔和地核。地壳是相对较薄、较冷的外层。然后，根据传统的模型，它下面是地幔，最后在地球中心是地核。
[ 41 ]
Now not to totally dismiss the three-layer model, but researchers who study seismic waves generated by earthquakes, who study how fast these seismic waves travel through Earth...
现在并不是完全否定三层模型，而是研究地震产生的地震波的研究人员，研究这些地震波在地球上传播的速度...
they've pointed out certain complexities, like differences within the mantle as it gets deeper.
他们指出了某些复杂性，比如地幔越陷越深，地幔内部的差异。
So we now refer. for example. to the upper mantal, which is closer to the crust, and the lower mantle.
所以我们现在参考。例如到更靠近地壳的上地幔和下地幔。
[ 42 ]
But if we want to see these changes, well we don't have the technology to drill down beneath the crust,
但如果我们想看到这些变化，那么我们没有深入地壳的技术，
So we've had to find a way to replicate the pressures of Earth's interior in the lab and that's where geology meets physics, folks.
因此，我们必须找到一种方法，在实验室中复制地球内部的压力，这就是地质学与物理学的结合，同学们
[ 43 ]
And it turns out / that if you can get the pressures high enough, all sorts of weird things start happing.
事实证明，如果你能把压力控制得足够高，各种奇怪的事情就会开始发生。
For example they did an experiment with water.
例如，他们用水做了一个实验。
They squeezed some water / to the kind of pressures / you'd find at the bottom of earth's crust, / and this created a solid -- ice / that could withstand temperatures / near what we think of as the boiling point of water.
他们将一些水挤压到地壳底部的压力，这就形成了一种固体 -- 冰，它可以承受接近我们所认为的水沸点的温度。
[ 44 ]
The diamond anvil cell, well basically it's two cut diamonds, and you put a substance between the diamonds and press the diamonds together.
钻石砧室，基本上是两块切割的钻石，你在钻石之间放一种物质，把钻石压在一起
Because the head of each cut diamond is such a tiny area, you can create a lot of pressure by applying a relatively small force, right?
因为每个切割钻石的头部都是一个很小的区域，你
可以通 过施加相对较小的力来产生很大的压力，对吧？
when forces concentrated in a small area, you get high pressure.
当力集中在一个小区域时，你会得到高压
[ 45 ]
And if we know how deep underground / a very dense crystal like this / can be found, how much rock would be pressing down on it / from above, we can come up with a pretty good estimate of the pressure.
如果我们知道像在地下有多深这样密度很大的晶体能被找到，有多少岩石会从上面压在上面，我们就可以很好地估计压力
[ 46 ]
And for a given pressure,we now know, from our experiments with the diamond anvil cell, just what the temperature would have to be cause this sort of crystal form.
对于给定的压力，我们现在知道，从金刚石砧座电池的实验中，导致这种晶体形成的温度是多少
[ 47 ]
Using data based on reflected seismic waves from earthquakes, they were able to ceare a 3D map of lower mantle region / just above the boundary of the core, And this map revealed a mineral with a particularly dense crystalline structure.
使用基于地震反射的地震波的数据，他们能够在地核边界上方绘制下地幔区域的3D地图，这张地图揭露了一种特殊密度的晶体结构的矿物质
[ 48 ]
Remember the crystal that was created with the DAC in the laboratory?
还记得在实验室里用DAC创造的晶体吗？
Okay, so once they identified the mineral and figured out how deep it is, that is how much pressure it is under, what could they calculate?
好的，一旦他们确定了矿物并计算出它的深度，即它所承受的压力，他们能计算出什么？
The temperature, right?
温度，对吧？
Which worked out to around 3600℃
温度在3600℃左右
[ 49 ]
And that information turns out / to be really critical for understanding important geological processes / going on near that mantle-core boundary.
这些信息非常关键对于理解地幔核边界附近正在发生的重要地质过程
But it's information we wouldn't have / without those experiments / in the high pressure physics lab
但如果没有高压物理实验室的实验，我们就无法获得这些信息
[ 50 ]
Some of the research / on animal behavior / that we've been talking about / was accomplished with little more than a pair of binoculars and a place to sit, but I want to look at study of penguins / that benefited from sophisticated technology.
我们一直在谈论的一些关于动物行为的研究是用一副双筒望远镜和一个坐的地方完成的，但我想看看受益于先进技术的企鹅研究
[ 51 ]
Little penguins are the most vulnerable to predators when crossing the beach, so protection is one reason that they form groups -- there's safety in numbers.
小企鹅在穿越海滩时最容易受到捕食者的攻击，因此保护是它们形成群体的原因之一 -- 数量安全
[ 52 ]
As far as the size of the groups, a previous study had shown that little penguins congregated in groups of 5 to 10 individuals.
就群体的大小而言，之前的一项研究表明，小企鹅以5到10只为一组
Why 5 to 10? Well, in groups of 3 or 4, the birds might not feel safe; any more than 10, they might find themselves fighting for food with members of their own group.
为什么是5到10？好吧，以3或4只为一组，这些企鹅可能会感到不安全；如果超过10人，他们可能会发现自己在与自己小组的成员争夺食物。
[ 53 ]
But, till recently, we couldn't tell if the groups formed randomly or if they included the same individuals every day -- whether the penguins display what we call Synchronized Parade Behavior.
但是，直到最近，我们还无法判断这些群体是随机形成的，还是每天都包括相同的个体——企鹅是否表现出我们所说的同步游行行为。
[ 54 ]
Now, the method that researchers used to investigate this question was to attach a small radio transmitter to each penguin.
现在，研究人员用来研究这个问题的方法是在每只企鹅身上安装一个小型无线电发射器
Each transmitter sent out a unique electronic signal, an individualized signal, so they, the researchers, knew which penguin it was coming from.
每个发射器都会发出一个独特的电子信号，一个独一无二的信号，因此研究人员知道它来自哪只企鹅
[ 55 ]
Now, if you remember, groups of little penguins are typically made up of 5 to 10 indeviduals.
现在，如果你还记得，小企鹅群通常由5到10只个体组成。
The researchers estimated that the members of the same group would pass the APMS within 40 seconds of one another.
研究人员估计，同一组的成员会在40秒内通过APMS
[ 56 ]
So whenever there were signals from 5 to 10 penguins walking past the APMS within 40 seconds of one another, they'd be considered... er, classified as / belonging to / the same group.
因此，每当有5到10只企鹅在40秒内通过APMS的信号时，它们就会被认为，被分类为属于同一组。
[ 57 ]
In two of those years, the food supply was abundant, a lot of chicks had hatched, and when that happened, the penguins tended to group with the same individuals.
在其中的两年里，食物供应充足，孵化出了很多小鸡，当这种情况发生时，企鹅们倾向跟相同的个体在一起。
But in the other two years, food supply went down, breeding was less successful, and Synchronized Parade Behavior was much less prevalent.
但在其他几年里，食物供应减少，繁殖不太成功，同步游行行为也不那么普遍
[ 58 ]
Well, in years when there's plenty of food / for everyone, there's no downside to foraging together with familiar colony members and engaging in what we might call team work, so the group would be hunting together in the ocean and then come back together to the colony.
好吧，在每个人都有充足食物的年份，没有坏处与熟悉的部落成员一起觅食并参与我们可能称之为团队合作，所以团队会一起在海洋中狩猎，然后一起回到部落
[ 59 ]
But when food is scarce, cooperation could change into competition.
但当食物短缺时，合作可能会转变为竞争。
Little penguins still must form groups to protect themselves crossing the beach, but during those lean years, once the penguins reached the ocean, you know, it's probably every penguin for itself.
小企鹅在穿越海滩时仍然必须组队保护自己，但在贫乏年代，一旦企鹅到达海洋，你知道，可能每只企鹅都是为了自己
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