[ 01 ]
Usually, when we think of DNA, we think of the DNA That's in cells' nucleus, but in fact a cell mitochondrion also contains DNA. In this particular situation, mitochondrial DNA analysis made more sense than nuclear DNA analysis.
翻译：
通常，当我们想到DNA，我们想到的是在细胞核中的DNA，但是实际上细胞线粒体里面也包含DNA，在这种特殊的情况下，线粒体DNA分析就比细胞核DNA分析要有意义很多了
生词：
cell
nucleus
mitochondrion
mitochondrial
made sense
nuclear
[ 02 ]
You remember from a previous letcture that the mitochondrion is the energy-producing structure in cells right? Well it has a much more stable structure than a nucleus. That's distinct advantage when you are investigating ancient delicate samples.
翻译：
你记得从之前的课程，线粒体是细胞中产生能量的结构。它有一个比细胞核更稳定的结构。那在你分析古代脆弱的样本时非常明显的优势
生词：
from a previous
energy
structure
distinct
investigating
ancient
delicate
samples
[ 03 ]
As far as genetics and ancestry are concerned, we've long been aware that polar bears are young species, evolutionarily speaking, and that they branched off from brown bears, but this jawbone fossil has helped us better estimate when that splitting off probably occurred.
翻译：
就基因和祖先而言，我们早就知道从进化的角度来说，北极熊是年轻的物种，并且他们是从棕熊分化而来的。但是这个下颌骨已经帮助我们更好的估算他们分化的大约发生时间
生词：
genetics
ancestry
concerned
evolutionarily
from
but
jawbone
helped
splitting
[ 04 ]
by the way, as part of their investigation, researchers studied a unique geographically isolated group of / modern brown bears / living in southeastern Alaska. It turns out / these brown bears have genes / that resemble polar bear genes / more than / they resemble / the genes of other brown bears.
翻译：
顺便一提，作为他们研究的一部分，研究者们研究了住在阿拉斯加东南部的一群特有的，地理位置孤僻的现代熊。他们发现，这些棕熊的基因与北极熊的基因更相似相比于其它棕熊
生词：
geographically
isolated
modern
southeastern
Alaska
turns out
[ 05 ]
Well because the fossil is so old, polar bears must have survived earth's last interglacial warming period, about 45000 years ago, but polar bears are arctic animals and live on the ice. In that unique environment, how exactly did they manage?
翻译：
嗯，因为这化石很久远了，北极熊一定活过了地球最后一个间冰期，大约在45000年前，但是北极熊是北极动物，住在冰上。在这种特殊的环境下，他们是怎么度过的？
生词：
so old
interglacial
warming
period
arctic
exactly
manage
[ 06 ]
Controversially, because the last warming period was actually warmer than the one now, the one more presently experiencing, some people believe that polar bears would be able to pull through again, but there's something they are not taking into account, namely, the pace at which climate change is occurring today.
翻译：
有争议的是，因为最近一个温暖的时期比现在所处的这个更暖，一些人认为北极熊是能够度过再一次度过的，但是他们没有考虑到现在发生的气候变化的速率的问题
生词：
the one now
presently
experiencing
pull through
something
pace
occurring
[ 07 ]
You see it seems that grizzly bears / in Canada / have been moving northward, intruding / on the polar bears' territory. This is / exactly / the first time / that we've seen / such a hybrid / in the wild, but it's possible that hybridization / could occur / more and more frequently, resulting in / increasing numbers of offspring / that can no longer / be considered true polar bears.
翻译：
你看，好像加拿大灰熊正在向北移动，入侵了北极熊的领地。这是第一次在野外见到了杂交的后代，但是可能杂交会变得越来越频繁，导致后代的数目增加，不再被视为真正的北极熊
生词：
seems
grizzly
northward
intruding
territory
hybrid
hybridization
resulting in
offspring
no longer
[ 08 ]
So / we've been looking at / varieties of carnivorous plant species, plants that capture and consume insects, and today / I'd like to introduce another, one that's often referred to / as the pitcher plant. The scientific name for / the pitcher plant is Nepenthes.
翻译：
好，我们已经看了各种各样的食肉的植物物种，能抓和消耗虫子的植物，今天我想介绍另一个，一个经常和瓶子草联系起来的，这种瓶子草的学名叫做猪笼草
生词：
varieties
carnivorous
capture
consume
insects
introduce
referred
pitcher plant.
scientific
Nepenthes
[ 09 ]
Well they have pitchers, modified leaves / that are filled with fluid / that act as traps for insects / which fall into this fluid and are digested there / to supply additional nutrition / for the plant.
翻译：
嗯，他们有pitchers，就是改良的充满液体的叶子，作为陷阱捕捉掉落进去其中的液体然后被消化产生额外的营养给植物
生词：
modified leaves
filled with
traps
fall into
there
additional nutrition
[ 10 ]
Now at first it appears that the Nepenthes' method of catching prey, mostly ants, is pretty basic, that the pitcher part of the plant is a passive pitfall trap that any unsuspecting ants might just slip down into.
翻译：
首先，看起来猪笼草抓猎物的方法主要是蚂蚁非常简单，植物的pitcher 部分是一个被动跌落陷阱，任何没有防备的蚂蚁都可能会滑进去
生词：
appears Nepenthes method catching pitcher passive
pitfall unsuspecting might
[ 11 ]
Well, it's the smell of this nectar that lures the prey into the pitcher. And inside the pitcher, just below the peristome, botanists noticed a waxy layer, one that's smooth and slippery. And / as insects dive inside / to get the nectar, this waxy layer prevents them from maintaining a foothold, so they fall into the liquid below and are unable to climb back up and escape.
翻译：
这个花粉的味道可以吸引猎物到pitcher里，在这个pitcher里，就在开口处的下面，植物学家注意到一个平滑又光滑的蜡层。当昆虫栽进吃花粉的时候，这个蜡层防止他们找到一个立足点，所以他们掉到下面的液体中不能爬回来逃跑
生词：
smell nectar lures peristome botanists noticed waxy
smooth slippery insects dive inside foothold liquid climb
[ 12 ]
And even more surprising was the discovery that some species of Nepenthes don't even have this layer. That's right, some species have this layer, but others don't. And the species without the waxy layer are just as effective in catching prey.
翻译：
更令人惊讶的是他们发现一些猪笼草甚至没有这个层。是的有些有，但是有些没有。这些没有蜡层的在抓虫子方面也很有效率
生词：
[ 13 ]
Botanists were curious about this of course. So some of them went into the forest of Borneo / to videotape plants like these, ones without a waxy layer. And they observed again and again that most of the ants that climbed into the Nepenthes' peristome simply wandered off again, unharmed.
翻译：
当然，植物学家对这个很好奇。所以他们中的一些人就去了婆罗洲的森林去拍摄这些没有腊层的植物，他们一遍又一遍的观察，发现大多数的爬到猪笼草的的开口处的蚂蚁毫发无损的走了
生词：
of course Borneo videotape without climbed simply
[ 14 ]
They also observed that the peristomes were wet which is unusual since plants' surfaces usually repel water, but it turns out that when the peristome of one of these Nepenthes plants is wet, it holds water. So its surface gets extremely slippery and insects slide right off and drop down into the trap.
翻译：
他们还发现了开口处是湿的，这是不寻常的因为植物的表面通常排水，但是它解释了，当猪笼草的开口处是湿的，他就可以盛水了。所以他的表面变得十分光滑，昆虫打滑并跌落到陷阱里。
生词：
were wet insects
[ 15 ]
Researchers discovered something else too that the peristomes were wet from early evening until early morning whether it was raining or not. And this didn't seem to be simply the result of water condensing from the air when it gets cooler.
翻译：
研究者还发现开口处从早到晚都是湿的，不管下不下雨。并且这不是简单的因为水从空气中冷凝导致的
生词：
seem to be condensing cooler
[ 16 ]
One researcher suggested yet another possibility. A plant may even regulate the degree of wetness by changing the amount of nectar it secretes. Hard to believe? Oh, there's more.
翻译：
一个研究者又提出了另一种可能。一个植物甚至可能通过改变它分泌的花蜜来调节湿度。难以置信吧？还有更多
生词：
yet possibility may even regulate degree wetness
changing secretes there's more
[ 17 ]
Most botanists had assumed that carnivorous plants were always ready to catch prey, but here we have a plant with the trapping mechanism that is dependent or at least in part on the weather, and it sometimes works and sometimes doesn’t. How could that be effective?
翻译：
大多数植物学家认为食肉植物随时准备抓虫子，但是猪笼草的抓捕机制依赖于，或者至少部分依赖于天气，有时候好使有时候不好使。这怎么会有效呢
生词：
plant with mechanism at least weather How could
[ 18 ]
Well some of these researchers hypothesized that it's for the same reason some animals hunt only intermittently to make it more difficult for prey to predict their attacks. Because then the prey could develop countermeasures to avoid them.
翻译：
有些研究者认为这和有些间歇性觅食的动物是一个道理，为了让猎物更难预测他们的攻击，因为这样猎物就会发展对策来避免他们的攻击了。
生词：
intermittently predict attacks develop countermeasures
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