一些python的基本语法

Python 基础案例

1. 数据类型
整数（int）
浮点数（float）
字符串（str）
布尔值（bool）

2. 注释
单行注释

# 这是单行注释
多行注释

"""
这是
多行注释
"""

3. 算术运算
a + b  # 加法
a - b  # 减法
a * b  # 乘法
a / b  # 除法
a % b  # 取余
a ** b # 幂运算

4. 加法和减法函数
def add(a, b):
    return a + b

def subtract(a, b):
    return a - b

# 测试函数
print("加法: 5 + 3 =", add(5, 3))
print("减法: 5 - 3 =", subtract(5, 3))

5. 比较运算
a == b  # 等于
a != b  # 不等于
a > b   # 大于
a < b   # 小于
a >= b  # 大于等于
a <= b  # 小于等于

6. 捕获异常
def divide(a, b):
    try:
        return a / b
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        return "Error: Division by zero is not allowed."

# 测试函数
print(divide(10, 2))
print(divide(10, 0))

7.九九乘法表

def print_multiplication_table():
    for i in range(1, 10):
        for j in range(1, i + 1):
            print(f"{j} * {i} = {j * i}", end="\t")
        print()
# 调用函数打印乘法表
print_multiplication_table()

8. 逻辑运算
a and b
a or b
not a

9. 条件语句
if condition:
    # do something
elif another_condition:
    # do something else
else:
    # do something different
10.打印空心菱形 
```bash
def print_hollow_diamond(size):
    # 打印上半部分
    for i in range(size):
        for j in range(size - i):
            print(" ", end="")
        for k in range(2 * i + 1):
            if k == 0 or k == 2 * i:
                print("*", end="")
            else:
                print(" ", end="")
        print()
    
    # 打印下半部分
    for i in range(size - 2, -1, -1):
        for j in range(size - i):
            print(" ", end="")
        for k in range(2 * i + 1):
            if k == 0 or k == 2 * i:
                print("*", end="")
            else:
                print(" ", end="")
        print()

# 设置菱形大小
size = 5
print_hollow_diamond(size)
输出结果
     *
    * *
   *   *
  *     *
 *       *
  *     *
   *   *
    * *
     *

11. 循环
for 循环
for i in range(5):
    print(i)
while 循环
while condition:
    # do something

12. 列表
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.append(4)
my_list[0]  # 访问元素

13. 元组
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

14. 字典
my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
my_dict["name"]  # 访问键值

15. 集合
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_set.add(4)

16. 字符串操作
s = "hello"
s.upper()
s.lower()
s.split(" ")
s.replace("h", "j")

17. 字符串格式化
name = "John"
age = 30
f"Hello, {name}. You are {age}."

18. 列表解析
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

19. 函数定义
def my_function(param1, param2):
    return param1 + param2

20. 默认参数
def my_function(param1, param2=5):
    return param1 + param2

21. 关键字参数
def my_function(param1, param2):
    return param1 + param2

my_function(param2=10, param1=5)

22. 可变参数
def my_function(*args):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg)

my_function(1, 2, 3)

23. 关键字可变参数
def my_function(**kwargs):
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

my_function(name="John", age=30)

24. lambda表达式
f = lambda x: x**2
f(5)

25. map函数
list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(10)))

26. filter函数
list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, range(10)))

27. reduce函数
from functools import reduce
reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, range(10))

28. 异常处理
try:
    # do something
except Exception as e:
    print(e)
finally:
    # cleanup

29. 文件读取
with open("file.txt", "r") as file:
    content = file.read()

30. 文件写入
with open("file.txt", "w") as file:
    file.write("Hello, World!")

31. 类定义
class MyClass:
    def __init__(self, param1):
        self.param1 = param1

    def my_method(self):
        return self.param1

32. 类继承
class MyBaseClass:
    def __init__(self, param1):
        self.param1 = param1
class MyDerivedClass(MyBaseClass):
    def __init__(self, param1, param2):
        super().__init__(param1)
        self.param2 = param2

33. 魔法方法
class MyClass:
    def __init__(self, param1):
        self.param1 = param1
    def __str__(self):
        return f"MyClass with param1={self.param1}"

34. 属性和装饰器
class MyClass:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self._value = value
    @property
    def value(self):
        return self._value
    @value.setter
    def value(self, new_value):
        self._value = new_value

35. 生成器
def my_generator():
    yield 1
    yield 2
    yield 3
for value in my_generator():
    print(value)

36. 列表解析和生成器表达式
[x**2 for x in range(10)]
(x**2 for x in range(10))

37. 集合解析
{x**2 for x in range(10)}

38. 字典解析
{x: x**2 for x in range(10)}

39. 上下文管理器
with open("file.txt", "r") as file:
    content = file.read()

40. 装饰器
def my_decorator(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("Before function call")
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("After function call")
        return result
    return wrapper
@my_decorator
def my_function():
    print("Function call")
my_function()

41. 类型注解
def my_function(param1: int, param2: str) -> str:
    return param2 * param1

42. 枚举
from enum import Enum
class Color(Enum):
    RED = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLUE = 3

43. 迭代器
class MyIterator:
    def __init__(self, start, end):
        self.current = start
        self.end = end

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        if self.current >= self.end:
            raise StopIteration
        else:
            self.current += 1
            return self.current - 1

44. JSON解析
import json

json_str = '{"name": "John", "age": 30}'
data = json.loads(json_str)

45. 日期和时间
from datetime import datetime
now = datetime.now()

46. 随机数生成
import random
random_number = random.randint(1, 10)

47. 数学运算
import math

math.sqrt(16)

48. 模块和包
# my_module.py
def my_function():
    return "Hello"
# main.py
import my_module
my_module.my_function()

45. 命名空间
global_var = 5
def my_function():
    local_var = 10
    global global_var
    global_var = 20

46. 继承和多态
class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow"

47. 操作系统交互
import os

os.getcwd()
os.listdir(".")

48. 命令行参数
import sys

for arg in sys.argv:
    print(arg)

49. 正则表达式
import re

pattern = r"\d+"
re.findall(pattern, "There are 2 apples and 5 bananas.")
通过这些基础知识，你可以快速掌握编程的核心概念和常见操作，适用于大多数编程任务和项目。希望这篇博客对你有所帮助！

继续再写50个类似的
ChatGPT
当然，以下是继续的50个知识点：

50. 迭代工具
from itertools import permutations, combinations

list(permutations([1, 2, 3]))
list(combinations([1, 2, 3], 2))

51. 默认字典
from collections import defaultdict

d = defaultdict(int)
d["key"] += 1

52. 计数器

from collections import Counter

c = Counter([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3])
c.most_common(2)

53. 命名元组
from collections import namedtuple

Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
p = Point(1, 2)
p.x, p.y

54. 队列
from collections import deque

d = deque([1, 2, 3])
d.append(4)
d.popleft()

55. 函数工具

from functools import partial

def multiply(x, y):
    return x * y

double = partial(multiply, 2)
double(5)

56. 文档字符串
def my_function():
    """
    This is a docstring.
    """
    pass
print(my_function.__doc__)

57. 动态属性
class MyClass:
    def __init__(self):
        self._dynamic = {}

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return self._dynamic.get(name, None)

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        if name.startswith("_"):
            super().__setattr__(name, value)
        else:
            self._dynamic[name] = value

58. 类型检查
def my_function(param: int) -> bool:
    return isinstance(param, int)

59. 类型别名
from typing import List

Vector = List[float]

60. 数据类
from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class MyDataClass:
    name: str
    age: int

61. 枚举成员
from enum import Enum
class Color(Enum):
    RED = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLUE = 3
print(Color.RED.name)
print(Color.RED.value)

62. 基本的图像处理
from PIL import Image

img = Image.open("example.jpg")
img = img.convert("L")
img.save("example_gray.jpg")

63. 网络请求
import requests

response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')
data = response.json()

64. Web框架 - Flask
from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def hello():
    return "Hello, World!"

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

65. 数据库连接 - SQLite
import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
c = conn.cursor()
c.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS my_table (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)''')
conn.commit()
conn.close()

66. 数据库连接 - MySQL
import mysql.connector

conn = mysql.connector.connect(user='user', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='test')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM my_table')
rows = cursor.fetchall()
conn.close()

67. 数据库ORM - SQLAlchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///example.db')
Base = declarative_base()

class MyTable(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'my_table'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String)

Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
new_entry = MyTable(name="John")
session.add(new_entry)
session.commit()

68. 并行编程 - 线程
import threading

def print_numbers():
    for i in range(5):
        print(i)

t = threading.Thread(target=print_numbers)
t.start()
t.join()

69. 并行编程 - 进程
from multiprocessing import Process

def print_numbers():
    for i in range(5):
        print(i)

p = Process(target=print_numbers)
p.start()
p.join()

70. 并发编程 - asyncio
import asyncio

async def say_hello():
    print("Hello")
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    print("World")

asyncio.run(say_hello())

71. 异步I/O - aiohttp
import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def fetch(url):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url) as response:
            return await response.text()

url = 'https://api.example.com/data'
response = asyncio.run(fetch(url))
print(response)

72. 单元测试
import unittest

class TestMyFunction(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_add(self):
        self.assertEqual(1 + 1, 2)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

73. 测试框架 - pytest
def add(x, y):
    return x + y

def test_add():
    assert add(1, 1) == 2

74. Mock 对象
from unittest.mock import MagicMock

mock = MagicMock()
mock.some_method.return_value = 42
print(mock.some_method())

75. 参数化测试
import pytest

@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)])
def test_add(input, expected):
    assert input + 1 == expected

76. 环境变量
import os
os.environ['MY_ENV_VAR'] = 'value'
print(os.getenv('MY_ENV_VAR'))

77. 配置文件
import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('config.ini')
print(config['DEFAULT']['setting'])

78. 日志记录
import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
logging.debug('This is a debug message')

79. 命令行接口 - argparse
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Example script.')
parser.add_argument('name', type=str, help='Your name')
args = parser.parse_args()
print(f'Hello, {args.name}!')

80. 调试
import pdb

def add(x, y):
    pdb.set_trace()
    return x + y

add(1, 2)

81. C 扩展
# my_module.c
#include <.h>
static PyObject* my_function(PyObject* self, PyObject* args) {
    int x, y;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii", &x, &y))
        return NULL;
    return PyLong_FromLong(x + y);
}

static PyMethodDef MyMethods[] = {
    {"my_function", my_function, METH_VARARGS, "Add two numbers"},
    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
};

static struct PyModuleDef mymodule = {
    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
    "my_module",
    NULL,
    -1,
    MyMethods
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_my_module(void) {
    return PyModule_Create(&mymodule);
}

82. 扩展模块的构建
# setup.py
from setuptools import setup, Extension

module = Extension('my_module', sources=['my_module.c'])

setup(name='MyModule',
      version='1.0',
      description='This is a demo package',
      ext_modules=[module])

83. 序列化 - pickle
import pickle

data = {'key': 'value'}
with open('data.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump(data, f)

with open('data.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    loaded_data = pickle.load(f)

84. Excel 处理 - openpyxl
from openpyxl import Workbook

wb = Workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws['A1'] = "Hello, World!"
wb.save('example.xlsx')

85. PDF 处理 - PyPDF2
import PyPDF2

with open('example.pdf', 'rb') as f:
    reader = PyPDF2.PdfFileReader(f)
    page = reader.getPage(0)
    print(page.extract_text())

86. 图表绘制 - matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
plt.show()

87. 数据分析 - pandas
import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})
print(df)

88. 数值计算 - numpy
import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(arr * 2)

89. 机器学习 - scikit-learn
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

model = LinearRegression()
model.fit([[1], [2], [3]], [4, 5, 6])
print(model.predict([[4]]))

90. 神经网络 - TensorFlow
import tensorflow as tf

model = tf.keras.Sequential([tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='relu'), tf.keras.layers.Dense(1)])
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='mean_squared_error')

91. 图像处理 - OpenCV
import cv2

img = cv2.imread('example.jpg')
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
cv2.imwrite('example_gray.jpg', gray)

92. 网络爬虫 - BeautifulSoup
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests

response = requests.get('https://example.com')
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
print(soup.title.text)

93. 自动化浏览器 - Selenium
from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('https://example.com')
print(driver.title)
driver.quit()

94. 电子邮件发送
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

msg = MIMEText('This is the body of the email')
msg['Subject'] = 'Subject'
msg['From'] = 'sender@example.com'
msg['To'] = 'receiver@example.com'

with smtplib.SMTP('smtp.example.com') as server:
    server.login('username', 'password')
    server.send_message(msg)

95. 加密与解密 - hashlib
import hashlib

hash_object = hashlib.sha256(b'Hello, World!')
hex_dig = hash_object.hexdigest()
print(hex_dig)

96. 隐写术 - steganography
from stegano import lsb

lsb.hide('input_image.png', message='Secret message').save('output_image.png')
hidden_message = lsb.reveal('output_image.png')
print(hidden_message)

97. 网络编程 - socket
import socket

s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect(('www.example.com', 80))
s.sendall(b'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: www.example.com\r\n\r\n')
response = s.recv(1024)
print(response)
s.close()

98. 并行处理 - concurrent.futures
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor

def task(n):
    return n * 2

with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as executor:
    results = list(executor.map(task, range(5)))
    print(results)

99. 数据校验 - cerberus
from cerberus import Validator

schema = {'name': {'type': 'string'}, 'age': {'type': 'integer'}}
v = Validator(schema)
print(v.validate({'name': 'John', 'age': 30}))

100. 配置管理 - dotenv
from dotenv import load_dotenv
import os

load_dotenv()
print(os.getenv('MY_ENV_VAR'))

101. 项目管理 - poetry
bash
# poetry 安装
curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/-poetry/poetry/master/get-poetry.py |  -

# 创建项目
poetry new my_project
cd my_project

# 添加依赖
poetry add requests

# 运行项目
poetry run  my_project.py

102. 编写 REST API - FastAPI
from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()

@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import uvicorn
    uvicorn.run(app, host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)

103. 创建虚拟环境 - venv
bash

# 创建虚拟环境
 -m venv myenv

# 激活虚拟环境
source myenv/bin/activate  # Unix/macOS
myenv\Scripts\activate  # Windows

104. 包管理 - pip

# 安装包
pip install requests
# 列出已安装的包
pip list
# 升级包
pip install --upgrade requests
# 卸载包
pip uninstall requests

105. 跟踪代码 - git

# 初始化仓库
git init

# 添加文件
git add .

# 提交更改
git commit -m "Initial commit"

# 连接远程仓库
git remote add origin https://github.com/username/repo.git

# 推送更改
git push -u origin master

106. 生成文档 - Sphinx
# 安装Sphinx
pip install sphinx

# 初始化Sphinx项目
sphinx-quickstart

# 构建文档
make html

107. 静态类型检查 - mypy
# my_module.py
def add(x: int, y: int) -> int:
    return x + y
# 检查类型
mypy my_module.py

108. 代码格式化 - black

# 安装black
pip install black

# 格式化代码
black my_module.py

109. 代码检查 - flake8
# 安装flake8
pip install flake8

# 检查代码
flake8 my_module.py

110. 性能分析 - cProfile
import cProfile

def my_function():
    return sum(range(100000))

cProfile.run('my_function()')

111. 内存分析 - memory_profiler
from memory_profiler import profile

@profile
def my_function():
    return [i for i in range(100000)]

my_function()

112. 代码热重载 - watchgod
from watchgod import watch

for changes in watch('my_project'):
    print(changes)

113. 数据可视化 - seaborn
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
sns.boxplot(x="day", y="total_bill", data=tips)
plt.show()

114. 统计分析 - statsmodels
import statsmodels.api as sm

data = sm.datasets.get_rdataset("Guerry", "HistData").data
model = sm.OLS(data['Lottery'], sm.add_constant(data['Literacy'])).fit()
print(model.summary())

115. 大数据处理 - Dask
import dask.array as da
arr = da.random.random((10000, 10000), chunks=(1000, 1000))
print(arr.mean().compute())

116. 自然语言处理 - NLTK
import nltk

nltk.download('punkt')
tokens = nltk.word_tokenize("Hello, world!")
print(tokens)

117. 深度学习 - PyTorch
import torch

x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
print(x + 2)

118. 机器人框架 - Rasa
# 安装Rasa
pip install rasa

# 初始化项目
rasa init

# 训练模型
rasa train

# 启动服务
rasa run

119. 语音识别 - SpeechRecognition

import speech_recognition as sr

recognizer = sr.Recognizer()
with sr.Microphone() as source:
    audio = recognizer.listen(source)
    text = recognizer.recognize_google(audio)
    print(text)

121. 文本转语音 - pyttsx3
import pyttsx3

engine = pyttsx3.init()
engine.say("Hello, world!")
engine.runAndWait()

122. 物联网 - MQTT
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt

def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc):
    print(f"Connected with result code {rc}")

client = mqtt.Client()
client.on_connect = on_connect
client.connect("mqtt.eclipse.org", 1883, 60)
client.loop_forever()

122. 计算机视觉 - scikit-image
from skimage import data, filters
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

image = data.coins()
edges = filters.sobel(image)
plt.imshow(edges, cmap='gray')
plt.show()

123. 科学计算 - SciPy
from scipy import stats

print(stats.norm.cdf(0))

124. 模拟仿真 - SimPy
import simpy

def car(env):
    while True:
        print('Start parking at %d' % env.now)
        yield env.timeout(5)
        print('Start driving at %d' % env.now)
        yield env.timeout(2)

env = simpy.Environment()
env.process(car(env))
env.run(until=15)

125. 图论 - NetworkX
import networkx as nx

G = nx.Graph()
G.add_edges_from([(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)])
print(list(nx.shortest_path(G, 1, 4)))

126. 数据清洗 - OpenRefine
# 安装OpenRefine
brew install --cask openrefine

# 启动OpenRefine
openrefine

127. 自动化任务 - Airflow
bash

# 安装Airflow
pip install apache-airflow

# 初始化数据库
airflow db init

# 启动Web服务器
airflow webserver --port 8080

# 启动调度器
airflow scheduler

128. 数据管道 - Luigi
import luigi

class MyTask(luigi.Task):
    def run(self):
        with self.output().open('w') as f:
            f.write('Hello, world!')

    def output(self):
        return luigi.LocalTarget('output.txt')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    luigi.run()

129. API 文档 - Swagger

from flask import Flask, jsonify
from flask_swagger_ui import get_swaggerui_blueprint

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/api/data', methods=['GET'])
def get_data():
    return jsonify({'data': 'value'})

SWAGGER_URL = '/swagger'
API_URL = '/static/swagger.json'
swaggerui_blueprint = get_swaggerui_blueprint(SWAGGER_URL, API_URL, config={'app_name': "Test application"})
app.register_blueprint(swaggerui_blueprint, url_prefix=SWAGGER_URL)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

130. 数据流处理 - Apache Kafka
from kafka import KafkaProducer

producer = KafkaProducer(bootstrap_servers='localhost:9092')
producer.send('my_topic', b'Hello, World!')
producer.close()

131. 微服务架构 - gRPC

# 安装gRPC工具
pip install grpcio grpcio-tools

# 编译.proto文件
 -m grpc_tools.protoc -I. --_out=. --grpc__out=. my_service.proto

132. 云计算 - Boto3
import boto3

s3 = boto3.resource('s3')
for bucket in s3.buckets.all():
    print(bucket.name)

133. 区块链 - Web3.py
from web3 import Web3

web3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider('https://mainnet.infura.io/v3/YOUR-PROJECT-ID'))
print(web3.isConnected())

134. 3D 渲染 - Pygame
import pygame

pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600))
running = True
while running:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            running = False
    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
    pygame.display.flip()
pygame.quit()

135. 量子计算 - Qiskit
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, transpile, assemble, Aer, execute

qc = QuantumCircuit(2)
qc.h(0)
qc.cx(0, 1)
qc.measure_all()

backend = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
qobj = assemble(transpile(qc, backend))
result = execute(qc, backend).result()
print(result.get_counts())

136. Web 框架 - Tornado
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.write("Hello, world")

def make_app():
    return tornado.web.Application([(r"/", MainHandler)])

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = make_app()
    app.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()

137. 网络扫描 - Scapy
from scapy.all import sr1, IP, ICMP

packet = IP(dst="8.8.8.8")/ICMP()
response = sr1(packet)
print(response.show())

138. 虚拟化 - Docker SDK
import docker

client = docker.from_env()
client.containers.run("ubuntu", "echo hello world")

139. 网络拓扑 - Mininet

from mininet.net import Mininet
from mininet.node import Controller

net = Mininet(controller=Controller)
net.addController('c0')
h1 = net.addHost('h1')
h2 = net.addHost('h2')
s1 = net.addSwitch('s1')
net.addLink(h1, s1)
net.addLink(h2, s1)
net.start()
h1.cmd('ping -c1 %s' % h2.IP())
net.stop()

140. 文本处理 - TextBlob
from textblob import TextBlob

blob = TextBlob("I love programming")
print(blob.sentiment)

141. 图形界面 - PyQt5
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QLabel

app = QApplication([])
label = QLabel('Hello, World!')
label.show()
app.exec_()

142. 视频处理 - moviepy
from moviepy.editor import VideoFileClip

clip = VideoFileClip("my_video.mp4")
clip = clip.subclip(0, 10)
clip.write_videofile("subclip.mp4")

143. 游戏开发 - Pyglet
import pyglet

window = pyglet.window.Window()

@window.event
def on_draw():
    window.clear()
    pyglet.text.Label('Hello, world', font_name='Times New Roman', font_size=36, x=window.width//2, y=window.height//2, anchor_x='center', anchor_y='center').draw()

pyglet.app.run()

144. AR/VR - Vizard
import viz

viz.go()
viz.addChild('piazza.osgb')
viz.MainView.setPosition([0,1.8,0])

145. 爬虫工具 - Scrapy
import scrapy

class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "my_spider"
    start_urls = ['http://example.com']

    def parse(self, response):
        self.log('Visited %s' % response.url)

146. 语义网 - RDFLib
from rdflib import Graph

g = Graph()
g.parse("http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card.rdf")
for subj, pred, obj in g:
    print(subj, pred, obj)

147. PDF生成 - ReportLab
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import letter
from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas

c = canvas.Canvas("example.pdf", pagesize=letter)
c.drawString(100, 750, "Hello, World!")
c.save()

149. HTTP库 - httpx
import httpx

response = httpx.get('https://api.example.com/data')
print(response.json())

150. 安全性 - cryptography
from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

key = Fernet.generate_key()
cipher = Fernet(key)
encrypted = cipher.encrypt(b"Secret message")
decrypted = cipher.decrypt(encrypted)
print(decrypted)

151. 文本生成 - GPT-3
import openai

openai.api_key = 'YOUR_API_KEY'
response = openai.Completion.create(
  engine="davinci",
  prompt="Once upon a time",
  max_tokens=50
)
print(response.choices[0].text.strip())

这些是更多的Python知识点和示例代码，希望对你有所帮助！