ClassLoader

一个类的三种形态：

1. 源码(source)
2. 字节码(class)
3. 运行时(runtime)

package java.lang.annotation;

/**
 * Annotation retention policy.  The constants of this enumerated type
 * describe the various policies for retaining annotations.  They are used
 * in conjunction with the {@link Retention} meta-annotation type to specify
 * how long annotations are to be retained.
 *
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @since 1.5
 */
public enum RetentionPolicy {
    /**
     * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
     */
    SOURCE,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
     * but need not be retained by the VM at run time.  This is the default
     * behavior.
     */
    CLASS,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
     * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
     *
     * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
     */
    RUNTIME
}

ClassLoader，是类加载器的核心，而loadClass则是ClassLoader最核心的部分，通过此源码可查看到其使用双亲委派机制

1. 同一时间只允许一个线程加载类（排他），利用synchronized
2. 已加载过的类，不允许再次加载，没有被加载的才能够加载
3. 父类能加载的，绝不交给子类加载

    protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //同一时间只允许一个线程加载类
        synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
            // First, check if the class has already been loaded
            Class<?> c = findLoadedClass(name);
            //已加载过的类，不允许再次加载，没有被加载的才能够加载
            if (c == null) {
                long t0 = System.nanoTime();
                try {
                    if (parent != null) {
                        c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
                    } else {
                        c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
                    }
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                    // ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found
                    // from the non-null parent class loader
                }

                if (c == null) {
                    // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
                    // to find the class.
                    long t1 = System.nanoTime();
                    c = findClass(name);

                    // this is the defining class loader; record the stats
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
                }
            }
            if (resolve) {
                resolveClass(c);
            }
            return c;
        }
    }

AppClassLoader  > ExtClassLoader > BootstrapClassLoader

1. 启动类加载器（Bootstrap ClassLoader）：C++实现，在java里无法获取，负责加载/lib下的类。
2. 扩展类加载器（Extension ClassLoader）： Java实现，可以在Java里获取，负责加载/lib/ext下的类。
3. 系统类加载器（Application ClassLoader）：是与我们接触对多的类加载器，我们写的代码默认就是由它来加载，ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader返回的就是它。

   public class ClassLoaderTest {
   	public static void main(String[] args) {
   		ClassLoader cl = ClassLoaderTest.class.getClassLoader();
   		while (cl != null) {
   			System.out.println(cl);
   			cl = cl.getParent();
   		}
   	}
   }
   
   输出如下
   sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@4e0e2f2a
   sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader@2a139a55