深度学习和机器学习的区别_机器学习自闭症和精神分裂症的区别

深度学习和机器学习的区别

Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia — one is a developmental disorder affecting communication and behavior, while the other causes those affected to interpret reality abnormally. Though seemingly completely different conditions, neuroscientists have, for a long time, suspected a strong link between them. Not only do some of the presentations of these disorders overlap, but autism spectrum disorder patients are 10 times more likely to develop schizophrenia than those from the general population.

自闭症谱系障碍和精神分裂症-一种是影响交流和行为的发育障碍,而另一种则使受影响的人无法正确解释现实。 尽管看似完全不同的条件,但神经科学家长期以来一直怀疑它们之间的紧密联系。 这些疾病的某些表现不仅重叠,而且自闭症谱系障碍患者患精神分裂症的可能性比普通人群高10倍。

The clinical challenge is that most of the diagnostic procedures for psychiatric conditions are largely subjective and rely on psychiatrists picking up on sometimes extremely subtle behavioral cues to make a definitive diagnosis. Researchers at the University of Tokyo believe that a powerful combo of next-generation brain imaging technologies and machine learning could be the key to radically transforming mental health care as we know it.

临床上的挑战是,大多数精神病学诊断程序在很大程度上是主观的,并且依赖精神病医生根据有时极其微妙的行为线索做出确切的诊断。 东京大学的研究人员认为,下一代大脑成像技术和机器学习的强大组合可能是我们众所周知的从根本上改变精神卫生保健的关键。

…the machine’s diagnoses matched the psychiatric assessment with up to 85 percent accuracy.

……机器的诊断与精神病学评估相匹配,准确度高达85%。

In a recent study published in Translational Psychiatry, Shinsuke Koike and colleagues designed machine learning algorithms, training them to interpret magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans from over 200 adults who had been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia or both. They also included a cohort of neurotypical people who did not experience any mental health concerns. During this “training” phase, the algorithm scanned the images, looking for variability in the thickness, surface area, or volume of various brain regions.

在最近发表在《 转化精神病学》上的一项研究中,小池伸介及其同事设计了机器学习算法,对它们进行了训练,以训练他们解释来自200多名被诊断患有自闭症谱系障碍,精神分裂症或二者兼有的成年人的磁共振成像(MRI)脑部扫描。 他们还包括一群没有任何心理健康问题的神经型人群。 在“训练”阶段,算法扫描图像,以寻找大脑各个区域的厚度,表面积或体积的变化性。

To test out the algorithm’s capabilities, the researchers presented it with an additional 43 patient scans with almost unbelievable outcomes: the machine’s diagnoses matched the psychiatric assessment with up to 85 percent accuracy. The biggest breakthrough was the ability of the machine learning platform to tell the difference between the different categories of patients in the study, even picking up those who were just determined to have schizophrenia risk factors.

为了测试该算法的功能,研究人员还对其进行了另外43次患者扫描,结果几乎令人难以置信:该机器的诊断与精神病学评估相匹配,准确度高达85%。 最大的突破是机器学习平台能够分辨研究中不同类别患者之间的差异,甚至可以选择那些刚确定患有精神分裂症危险因素的患者。

Though there are several published studies exploring the potential of artificial intelligence to assist with clinical diagnostics (all with varying levels of success) Koike believes the accuracy of the teams’ newly-developed algorithm lies in the “clean” data used during the learning phase — all images were taken on a single MRI machine.

尽管有几项已发表的研究探讨了人工智能在临床诊断中的潜力(均取得了不同程度的成功),但Koike认为,研究小组新开发的算法的准确性在于学习阶段使用的“干净”数据-所有图像均在一台MRI机器上拍摄。

“If you take a photo with an iPhone or Android camera phone, the images will be slightly different. MRI machines are also like this — each MRI takes slightly different images, so when designing new machine learning protocols like ours, we use the same MRI machine and the exact same MRI procedure,” said Koike.

“如果您使用iPhone或Android照相手机拍照,图像将略有不同。 MRI机器也是如此-每个MRI都拍摄略有不同的图像,因此在设计像我们这样的新机器学习协议时,我们使用相同的MRI机器和完全相同的MRI程序,” Koike说。

Sources: Translational Psychiatry, University of Tokyo.

资料来源: 东京大学 转化精神病学

Originally published at https://www.labroots.com on August 20, 2020.

最初于 2020年8月20日 发布在 https://www.labroots.com 上。

翻译自: https://medium.com/@tlfern/machines-learn-the-difference-between-autism-and-schizophrenia-ae19cf2b49a1

深度学习和机器学习的区别

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