python tcp 蝗虫
In June, remote sensing analyst Raj Bhagat noticed a strange signal on India’s weather radar. It looked like a small band of rain near Delhi, moving southwest, but Bhagat was convinced it was a locust swarm.
今年六月，遥感分析师拉吉巴格特注意到了印度的天气雷达奇怪的信号。 德里附近似乎有小雨 ，向西南移动，但巴加特坚信这是蝗虫群。
“People began to report it,” he says, referring to sightings on the ground. Giant locust swarms had spread to northern India earlier in the year, ravaging crops and destroying people’s livelihoods. “The timelines were perfectly matching.”
他说：“人们开始报告它。” 蝗虫大群已于今年早些时候扩散到印度北部，破坏了农作物并破坏了人们的生计。 “时间安排完美匹配。”
In mid-July, Bhagat, who works at the World Resources Institute India, identified a similar formation, this time near the city of Lucknow. He posted it to Twitter with the hashtag #LocustsAttack.
7月中旬，在印度世界资源研究所工作的巴加特(Bhagat)发现了类似的组织，这次是在勒克瑙市附近。 他使用#LocustsAttack标签将其发布到Twitter 。
The desert locust upsurge is yet another of 2020’s horrors. In dry years, the insects, which can grow up to four inches long and are shades of green, black, or yellow depending on their life stage, remain localized to the deserts of Africa, the Middle East, and southwest Asia. Lately, however, the weather has been wetter than usual. Desert locusts have bred prolifically and migrated in huge swarms to countries that don’t always see them in large numbers, including several nations along the horn of Africa. Other places, such as the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, haven’t had a locust invasion in decades.
沙漠蝗虫高潮是2020年的又一恐怖事件。 在干旱的年代，这种昆虫可以长到四英寸长，根据其生命阶段的不同，其阴影可能是绿色，黑色或黄色 ，它们仍然局限于非洲，中东和西南亚的沙漠。 但是最近，天气比平常潮湿。 沙漠蝗虫繁殖繁多，并成群结队地迁移到并非总是看到大量蝗虫的国家 ，包括非洲之角的几个国家。 其他地方，例如印度北方邦，数十年来从未发生过蝗虫入侵。
The locust outbreak is currently classed by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) as an “upsurge.” If the insects begin migrating in large bands — which could happen within a couple years, should things worsen — they’ll be officially considered a plague.
联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)目前将蝗虫暴发列为“高潮”。 如果昆虫开始大量迁移(如果情况恶化，可能会在几年内发生)，那么它们将被正式视为瘟疫。
A swarm covering one square kilometer eats as much food as 35,000 people every day. The damage done so far is already appalling. The UN says the food supply of 25 million people in East Africa has been threatened by the insects. In Ethiopia alone, they’ve destroyed around 200,000 hectares of crops. Meanwhile, in India, the insects have chewed up 50,000 hectares.
占地一平方公里的群每天可吃掉35,000人的食物。 迄今为止造成的损害已经令人震惊。 联合国说，这种昆虫威胁着东非2500万人的粮食供应 。 仅在埃塞俄比亚，他们就销毁了大约20万公顷的农作物 。 同时，在印度，昆虫已经咀嚼了50,000公顷 。
The recent outbreak may be just a hint of what is to come, thanks to the extreme weather expected as a result of climate change. Such conditions, including periods of excessive rainfall, would be adored by the locusts, says Keith Cressman, senior locust forecasting officer at the FAO.
得益于气候变化导致的极端天气，最近的疫情可能只是即将来临的暗示。 粮农组织高级蝗虫预报官员基思·克雷斯曼说，这种状况， 包括降雨过多的时期 ，将受到蝗虫的喜爱。
The locusts’ wanderlust has sparked efforts to develop tools to closely track the insects. The FAO already uses real-time reports from locust survey teams on the ground and satellite imagery of vegetation and weather events to help forecast how many locusts will breed and where they will go. Countries use data on locust migrations to determine where to send teams in efforts vanquish the insects en masse by dropping pesticide on them from planes. Among the technologies that could improve locust surveillance by pinpointing locations of multiple swarms at a given moment are radar and drones.
蝗虫的旅行癖激发了人们开发可紧密追踪昆虫的工具的努力。 粮农组织已经利用蝗虫调查小组的实时报告提供了地面和植被和天气事件的卫星图像，以帮助预测蝗虫将繁殖多少，以及它们将去向何处。 各国使用有关蝗虫迁徙的数据来确定将小组派往哪里，以消灭昆虫 通过将农药从飞机上掉下来。 可以通过在给定时刻精确定位多个蜂群的位置来改善蝗虫监视的技术包括雷达和无人机。
The idea of using remote sensing technologies like radar to spy on locust swarms is not new. A 1955 letter in the journal Nature reported the first such sighting on British naval radar the previous year. HMS Wild Goose had detected a humongous 48-kilometer-wide swarm of desert locusts flying over the Persian Gulf.
使用雷达等遥感技术监视蝗虫群的想法并不新鲜。 1955 年，《 自然 》杂志上的一封信报道了前一年在英国海军雷达上的首次此类瞄准。 HMS 野鹅发现了一个巨大的48公里宽的沙漠蝗虫群，飞越波斯湾。
Bhagat says he thinks his sightings are the first weather radar detections of locusts in India, though his observations haven’t been confirmed yet. Ryan Neely III, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Leeds in the U.K., is building a specialized system to do the same kind of analysis. It is absolutely possible to use weather radar to spot the insects, he says. They are, after all, not that dissimilar from large raindrops.
巴格特说，他认为自己的目击是印度首次对蝗虫进行天气雷达探测，尽管他的观察结果尚未得到证实。 英国利兹大学的大气科学家Ryan Neely III正在建立一个专门的系统来进行同类分析。 他说，绝对有可能使用天气雷达来发现昆虫。 毕竟，它们与大雨滴并没有什么不同。
“They are just gooey bags — goo or water surrounded by a hard shell,” Neely says.
尼利说：“它们只是粘性的袋子-粘性的或被硬壳包围的水。”
He and his colleagues have scanned desert locust specimens in 3D, allowing them to predict the electromagnetic signature of a single locust — and, by extension, what a whole swarm of locusts would look like on radar. The model can also account for the particular behavioral properties of locusts: Unlike raindrops, they stay aloft until they are ready to land.
他和他的同事们对3D沙漠蝗虫标本进行了扫描，从而使他们能够预测单个蝗虫的电磁特征-并由此扩展整个蝗虫群在雷达上的外观。 该模型还可以说明蝗虫的特殊行为特性：与雨滴不同，它们会停留在高空，直到准备降落。
“They are just gooey bags — goo or water surrounded by a hard shell.”
“它们只是粘性的袋子-粘性的或被硬壳包围的水。”
In theory, a system trained to identify blotches on radar that look like locust swarms — as opposed to rain clouds or flocks of birds, which appear as similar blotches — could be automated. Locust swarm surveillance, 24/7, could be a boon to countries seeking to better target their pesticide response, since most locust surveillance still relies on data collected by hand.
从理论上讲，经过训练可以识别雷达上看起来像蝗虫群的斑点的系统可以自动化，而不是像雨云或成群的鸟，它们看起来像类似的斑点。 24/7的蝗虫群监视对于寻求更好地针对杀虫剂React的国家可能是一个福音，因为大多数蝗虫监视仍依赖于手工收集的数据。
One stumbling block, however, is the availability of weather radar in those regions worst affected by desert locusts, Cressman notes. Africa is almost entirely without such systems. Bhagat adds that they are also sparse in India. “Not even a 20% area might have been covered by these radars,” he says, referring to parts of the country lately blighted by locusts. While potentially useful in some places, radar-based detection clearly wouldn’t be possible everywhere.
Cressman指出，其中一个绊脚石是在受沙漠蝗虫影响最严重的那些地区，天气雷达的可用性。 非洲几乎完全没有这种系统。 巴格特补充说，他们在印度也很少。 他说：“这些雷达甚至可能覆盖不到20％的区域，”他指的是该国部分地区最近遭受了蝗虫的袭击。 尽管在某些地方可能有用，但基于雷达的检测显然不可能在任何地方都可行。
Satellites can also be used, in principle, to spy on locusts from orbit. But such high-resolution data is even harder to come by, Cressman says.
从原理上讲，卫星也可以用来监视轨道上的蝗虫。 但是，这种高分辨率的数据更难获得，克雷斯曼说。
For his work at the FAO, Cressman relies partly on data uploaded by specialist locust-spotting teams on the ground in around 20 countries in Africa, the Middle East, and southwest Asia. These teams have at their disposal a rugged tablet computer with a special app through which they can report locust swarms. The tablet is connected via satellite to each country’s National Locust Control Centre. Cressman also gets the data at his office in Rome, Italy.
对于在粮农组织的工作，克雷斯曼在某种程度上依赖于非洲，中东和西南亚大约20个国家的蝗虫专业调查小组上载的数据。 这些团队可以使用一台坚固耐用的平板电脑和一个特殊的应用程序，通过它们可以报告蝗虫群。 平板电脑通过卫星连接到每个国家的国家蝗虫控制中心。 Cressman还在意大利罗马的办公室获得数据。
“We know exactly, within less than a minute, where the teams are, and we also know where the locusts are,” he says.
他说：“我们在不到一分钟的时间内准确地知道了团队的位置，也知道了蝗虫的位置。”
The data the FAO receives every day, Cressman says, influences the publication of warning notices for countries where locusts could migrate next. The FAO warned Sudan of one such migration back in May, for example. Alerts allow locals time to organize pesticide-spraying operations.
克雷斯曼说，粮农组织每天收到的数据影响着蝗虫接下来可能迁移的国家的警告告示的发布。 例如，粮农组织在5月就警告苏丹进行了一次此类迁移。 警报使当地人有时间组织农药喷洒作业。
The FAO’s system is called eLocust3. Earlier this year, Penn State University released a simplified version of the eLocust3 app that can be installed on most Android phones — an effort to expand the number of people who can make locust swarm reports to the FAO. The new app has been downloaded more than 5,000 times.
粮农组织的系统称为eLocust3 。 今年早些时候，宾夕法尼亚州立大学发布了eLocust3应用程序的简化版本 ，可以在大多数Android手机上安装该应用程序 -努力扩大可以向粮农组织报告蝗虫的人数。 新应用已被下载超过5,000次。
“The best source of information will always be a well-trained person,” Cressman says. But on the other hand, well-trained locust spotters can’t be everywhere at once. And during major upsurges like the one seen this year, additional locust surveillance tools become all the more useful.
Cressman说：“最好的信息来源永远是训练有素的人。” 但是另一方面，训练有素的蝗虫发现者不可能一次到处存在。 在像今年这样的重大热潮中，更多的蝗虫监视工具变得更加有用。
That’s why the FAO has been experimenting with drones to widen the reach of locust survey teams. The drones can map areas of 100 square kilometers or so to detect green vegetation that may be harboring locusts. They can also gather optical imagery to detect the insects themselves. After four years of experiments, the drones are now ready to be deployed for real, Cressman says.
因此，粮农组织一直在尝试无人机以扩大蝗虫调查小组的影响范围。 无人机可以绘制100平方公里左右的区域的地图，以检测可能藏有蝗虫的绿色植被。 他们还可以收集光学图像以检测昆虫本身。 经过四年的实验，无人驾驶飞机现在已经准备好进行实际部署，克雷斯曼说。
“As soon as these Covid-19 travel restrictions are lifted, we will be putting in teams of drones,” he says.
他说：“一旦取消Covid-19的旅行限制，我们将派遣无人驾驶飞机。”
Even bigger locust upsurges and plague events were seen in the early and 20th century, Cressman says. But there is a possibility that in the coming years, the desert locust populations will explode once more. Locust forecasters need all the data they can get, which is where drones and high-speed communications may come in handy.
克雷斯曼说，在20世纪初期和20世纪初，蝗虫高潮和鼠疫事件更加严重。 但是在未来几年中，沙漠蝗虫种群有可能再次爆炸。 蝗虫预报员需要他们能够获取的所有数据，而无人机和高速通信可能会派上用场。
“You have to approach it almost in a military, systematic manner,” Cressman says. “It’s like a war, you know.”
Cressman说：“您必须几乎以军事，系统的方式来处理它。” “这就像一场战争，你知道的。”
python tcp 蝗虫
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