使用cnn做手写数字识别_使用CNN分类的手写数字识别（过程说明）

使用cnn做手写数字识别

“Artificial Intelligence is a branch of science which offers with helping machines discover solutions to complex problems in a greater human-like-fashion” (Sridhar, 2020). In different words, Minsky defines AI as “the science of making machines do things that would require Genius if finished by using men”.AI is a concerted effort to apprehend the complexity of human ride in the procedure of information. This addresses now not only how to scientifically represent and use complex and incomplete data however additionally how to see (Vision), pass (robotics), conversation (natural language, speech) and apprehend (memory, thought, classification).

“人工智能是科学的一个分支，它可以帮助机器以类似人类的方式发现复杂问题的解决方案”(Sridhar，2020年)。 用不同的话来说，明斯基将人工智能定义为“使机器完成人类需要完成才能完成的事情的科学”。人工智能是共同努力，以了解人类在信息处理过程中的复杂性。 现在，这不仅解决了如何科学地表示和使用复杂且不完整的数据，而且还解决了如何查看(视觉)，通过(机器人)，对话(自然语言，语音)和理解(记忆，思想，分类)。

问题域 (Problem Domain)

Hand-written digit cognizance is the capacity of a PC system to apprehend hand-written inputs such as digits, characters, etc. from a extensive variety of sources such as emails, documents, images, letters, etc. This has been a problem of lookup for decades. Some areas of lookup consist of verification of signatures, processing of bank checks, interpretation of postal addresses from envelopes and many extra are turn out to be less difficult and extra handy through digit recognition methods. Several classification methods using Machine Learning have been developed and used for this purpose, such as K-Nearest Neighbors, SVM Classifier, Random Forest Classifier, etc., but these methods, whilst having the accuracy of 97%, are not adequate for real-world purposes.In current years, the research community has been gaining significant interest in deep learning-based strategies to remedy a range of supervised, unsupervised and reinforced getting to know problems. One of the most regularly occurring and broadly used strategies is Convolution neural networks (CNN's), a kind of neural networks which can extract relevant features robotic-ally from enter information. Here, we will learn about the implementation of well-known MNIST facts set to predict and recognize handwritten digits the use of deep gaining knowledge of techniques and Machine Learning algorithms. This is not a new topic and the MNIST information set is nonetheless very common and essential to take a look at and affirm new algorithms after quite a few decades. The project requires a lot of libraries such as primary ML libraries, deep mastering libraries, EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis) and tensor-flow the place tensor-flow is used as back-end with keras at some stage in the development process.

H和手写数字识别功能是PC系统从大量来源(例如电子邮件，文档，图像，字母等)中识别手写输入(例如数字，字符等)的能力。这是一个问题查找数十年。 查找的某些区域包括签名验证，银行支票处理，信封中的邮政地址解释等，通过数字识别方法，发现许多其他方面的难度较小，并且非常方便。 已经开发了几种使用机器学习的分类方法并将其用于此目的，例如K最近邻，SVM分类器，随机森林分类器等，但是这些方法尽管具有97％的准确度，但不足以用于实际近年来，研究界对基于深度学习的策略以解决一系列有监督，无监督和强化的了解问题的方法越来越感兴趣。 卷积神经网络(CNN's)是最经常出现且使用最广泛的策略之一，它是一种可以从输入的信息中自动提取相关特征的神经网络。 在这里，我们将学习众所周知的MNIST事实的实现方法，这些事实集是通过使用深厚的技术知识和机器学习算法来预测和识别手写数字的。 这不是一个新话题，并且在几十年后，MNIST信息集对于查看和确认新算法非常普遍且必不可少。 该项目需要很多库，例如主要ML库，深度母版库，EDA(探索性数据分析)和张量流，在开发过程的某个阶段，将张量流用作keras的后端。

背景 (Background)

Generally Handwriting Character Recognition (HCR) is categorized into six phases which are acquisition of image, pre-processing of enter image, segmentation, feature extraction, classification and put up processing .

通常，手写字符识别(HCR)分为六个阶段，即图像获取，输入图像的预处理，分割，特征提取，分类和组装处理。

Block Diagram of Handwriting Character Recognition

手写字符识别框图

A. Image AcquisitionThe input photo is supplied to the consciousness gadget at the Image Acquisition stage. The input can be either in an photograph layout such as JPEG, BMT, etc., or a scanned image, digital camera, or any other gorgeous digital input machine or can be taken from the canvas on the person interface.

A.图像采集在图像采集阶段，将输入的照片提供给意识小工具。 输入可以是诸如JPEG，BMT等的照片布局，也可以是扫描图像，数码相机或任何其他华丽的数字输入机，或者可以从人机界面上的画布上获取。

B. Pre-ProcessingThe 2nd method, known as pre-processing, is the entry approach for personality cognizance and is very essential in finding out the focus quality. Preprocessing operates to normalize strokes and also to take away deviations that can minimize the accuracy rate. Preprocessing works usually on distinctive distortions such as irregular textual content size, missing points at some point of pen movement, jitters, left — proper bend and uneven spaces.

B.预处理第二种方法，称为预处理，是个性识别的入门方法，对于找出焦点质量非常重要。 预处理的作用是使笔划归一化，并消除可能使准确率降到最低的偏差。 预处理通常针​​对明显的失真进行处理，例如不规则的文本内容大小，笔移动的某个点上的缺失点，抖动，向左弯曲(适当的弯曲)和不均匀的空间。

C. SegmentationSegmentation is used to transform the enter representation of many characters to the individual characters. The methods used are the segmentation of words, strains and characters. Typically, it is carried out by way of isolating a single persona from a word picture. In addition, the contents are processed in a way that is like a tree. In the initial scenario, the line histogram is used to phase the lines. After that, each level, the characters are retrieved by a approach known as histogram, and subsequently they are retrieved.

C. SegmentationSegmentation用于将许多字符的输入表示形式转换为单个字符。 所使用的方法是单词，单词和字符的分割。 通常，它是通过从单词图片中分离单个角色来实现的。 另外，以类似于树的方式处理内容。 在初始方案中，线直方图用于对线进行定相。 然后，在每个级别上，通过称为直方图的方法来检索字符，然后对其进行检索。

D. Feature ExtractionThe aim of the extraction characteristic is to permit the extraction of the sample that is most important for classification. Some of the Extraction Function techniques such as Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Scale Invariant Feature Extraction (SIFT), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Histogram, Chain Code (CC), Zoning and Gradient-based applied sciences can also be used to get rid of the traits of character