python函数详细教程_python中函数的详细说明

斐波拉希数列

>>> fibs

[0, 1]>>> n=input('How many Fibonacci numbers do your what?')

How many Fibonacci numbers do your what?10

>>> for n in range(n-2):

fibs.append(fibs[-2]+fibs[-1])

>>> fibs

[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

注意：内建的callable函数可以用来判断函数是否可以调用

def 定义函数

>>> def hello(name):

print "Hello"+name

>>> hello('world')

Helloworld

用函数写斐波拉希数列

>>> def fibs(num):

s=[0,1]

for i in range(num-2):

s.append(s[-2]+s[-1])

>>> fibs(10)

注意：return语句从函数中返回值

函数说明：如果给函数写文档，让其他人能理解的话，可以加入注释(#开头)。另外一种方法就是直接写上字符串。

>>> def square(x):

'Calculates the square of the number x.'

return x*x

>>> square.__doc__

'Calculates the square of the number x.'

内建的help函数，可以得到关于函数，包括它的文档字符串信息

>>> help(square)

Help on function square in module __main__:

square(x)

Calculates the square of the number x.

在函数内为参数赋予新值不会改变外部变量的值：

>>> def try_to_change(n):

n='Mr,Gumby'

>>> name='Mrs,Entity'

>>> try_to_change(name)

>>> name

'Mrs,Entity'

字符串(以及数字和元组)是不可改变的，即无法修改。若将可改变的数据结构(列表或字典)修改，参数会被修改

>>> n=['Bob','Alen']

>>> def change(m):

m[0]='Sandy'

>>> change(n[:])

>>> n

['Bob', 'Alen']

>>> change(n)

>>> n

['Sandy', 'Alen']

关键字参数和默认值

>>> def hello(name,greeting='Hello',punctuation='!'):

print '%s,%s%s' % (greeting,name,punctuation)

>>> hello(name='Nsds')

Hello,Nsds!

>>> hello(name='Nsds',greeting='Hi')

Hi,Nsds!

收集参数

返回元组：

>>> def print_params(*params):

print params

>>> print_params('Testing') #返回元组

('Testing',)

>>> print_params(1,2,3)

(1, 2, 3)

>>> def print_params_2(title,*params):

print title

print params

>>> print_params_2('Params:',1,2,3)

Params:

(1, 2, 3)

返回字典

>>> def print_params_3(**params):

print params

>>> print_params_3(x=1,y=2,z=3)

{'y': 2, 'x': 1, 'z': 3}

>>> def print_params_4(x,y,z=3,*pospar,**keypar):

print x,y,z

print pospar

print keypar

>>> print_params_4(1,2,3,5,6,7,foo=1,bar=2)

2 3

(5, 6, 7)

{'foo': 1, 'bar': 2}

>>> print_params_4(1,2)

2 3

()

{}

调用元组、字典

>>> def add(x,y):return x+y

>>> params=(1,2)

>>> add(*params)

>>> def with_stars(**kwds):

print kwds['name'],'is',kwds['age'],'years old']

>>> def without_starts(kwds):

print kwds['name'],'is',kwds['age'],'years old'

>>> args={'name':'Nsds','age':24}

>>> with_stars(**args)

Nsds is 24 years old

>>> without_starts(args)

Nsds is 24 years old

>>> add(2,args['age'])

星号只在定义函数(允许使用不定数目的参数)或者调用("分割"字典或者序列)时才有用

>>> def foo(x,y,z,m=0,n=0):

print x,y,z,m,n

>>> def call_foo(*args,**kwds):

print "Calling foo!"

foo(*args,**kwds)

>>> d=(1,3,4)

>>> f={'m':'Hi','n':'Hello'}

>>> foo(*d,**f)

3 4 Hi Hello

>>> call_foo(*d,**f)

Calling foo!

3 4 Hi Hello

几个例子

>>> def story(**kwds):

return 'Once upon a time,there was a' \

'%(job)s called %(name)s.' % kwds

>>> def power(x,y,*others):

if others:

print 'Received redundant parameters:',others

return pow(x,y)

>>> def interval(start,stop=None,step=1):

if stop is None:

start,stop=0,start #start=0,stop=start

result=[]

i=start

while i

result.append(i)

i+=step

return result

>>> print story(job='king',name='Gumby')

Once upon a time,there was aking called Gumby.

>>> print story(name='Sir Robin',job='brave knight')

Once upon a time,there was abrave knight called Sir Robin.

>>> params={'job':'language','name':'Python'}

>>> print story(**params)

Once upon a time,there was alanguage called Python.

>>> del params['job']

>>> print story(job='store of genius',**params)

Once upon a time,there was astore of genius called Python.

>>> power(2,3)

>>> power(y=3,x=2)

>>> params=(5,)*2

>>> power(*params)

>>> power(3,3,'Helld,world')

Received redundant parameters: ('Helld,world',)

>>> interval(10)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

>>> interval(1,5)

[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> power(*interval(3,7))

Received redundant parameters: (5, 6)

修改全局变量

>>> def f():

global x

x=x+1

>>> f()

>>> x

>>> f()

>>> x

嵌套

>>> def multiplier(factor):

def multiplyByFactor(number):

return number*factor

return multiplyByFactor

>>> double=multiplier(2)

>>> double(5)

>>> multiplier(2*5)

>>> multiplier(2)(5)

递归(调用)

阶乘和幂

>>> def factorial(n):

if n==1:

return 1

else:

return n*factorial(n-1)

>>> factorial(5)

>>> range(3)

[0, 1, 2]

>>> def power(x,n):

result=1

for i in range(n):

result *= x

return result

>>> power(5,3)

>>> def power(x,n):

if n==0:

return 1

else:

return x*power(x,n-1)

>>> power(2,3)

二元查找>>> def search(s,n,min=0,max=0):

if max==0:

max=len(s)-1

if min==max:

assert n==s[max]

return max

else:

middle=(min+max)/2

if n>s[middle]:

return search(s,n,middle+1,max)

else:

return search(s,n,min,middle)

>>> search(seq,100)

map函数

它接收一个函数和一个列表，并通过函数依次作用在list的每个元素上，得到一个新的list并返回

>>> map(str,range(10))

['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']

>>> def f(x):

return x*x

>>> print map(f,[1,2,3,4,5,6,7])

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]

>>> def format_name(s):

s1=s[0].upper()+s[1:].lower()

return s1

>>> print map(format_name,['ASDF','jskk'])

['Asdf', 'Jskk']

filter函数

它接收一个函数和一个列表(list)，这个函数依次对每个元素进行判断，返回 True或 False，filter()根据判断结果自动过滤掉不符合条件的元素，返回由符合条件元素组成的新列表

>>> def is_not_empty(s):

return s and len(s.strip())>0

>>> filter(is_not_empty,[None,'dshk',' ','sd'])

['dshk', 'sd']

>>> def pfg(x):

s=math.sqrt(x)

if s%1==0:

return x

>>> import math

>>> pfg(100)

>>> pfg(5)

>>> filter(pfg,range(100))

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

>>> def is_sqr(x):

return math.sqrt(x)%1==0

>>> is_sqr(100)

True

>>> filter(is_sqr,range(100))

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

lambda函数

也叫匿名函数，即，函数没有具体的名称,而用def创建的方法是有名称的

>>> def foo():return 'Begin'

>>> lambda:'begin'

at 0x0000000002ECC2E8>

>>> s=lambda:'begin'

>>> print s()

begin

>>> s= lambda x,y:x+y

>>> print s(1,2)

>>> def sum(x,y=6):return x+y

>>> sum2=lambda x,y=6:x+y

>>> sum2(4)

>>> filter(lambda x:x*x,range(1,5))

[1, 2, 3, 4]>>> map(lambda x:x*x,range(1,5))

[1, 4, 9, 16]>>> filter(lambda x:x.isalnum(),['8ui','&j','lhg',')j'])

['8ui', 'lhg']

reduce函数

它接收一个函数和一个列表(list)，函数必须接收两个参数，这个函数依次对列表每个元素进行调用，返回结果值组成的新列表

>>> reduce(lambda x,y:x*y,range(1,5))

24

>>> reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,[23,9,5,6],100) #初始值为100，依次相加列表中的值

143

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